References - Trauma medicine
^ Kosuge, M; Kimura K, Ishikawa T et al. (March 2006). "Differences between men and women in terms of clinical features of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction". Circulation Journal 70 (3): 222–226. doi:10.1253/circj.70.222. PMID 16501283. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/70/3/222/_pdf. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
^ a b (PDF) The World Health Report 2004 - Changing History. World Health Organization. 2004. pp. 120–4. ISBN 92-4-156265-X. http://www.who.int/entity/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.
^ Bax L, Algra A, Mali WP, Edlinger M, Beutler JJ, van der Graaf Y (2008). "Renal function as a risk indicator for cardiovascular events in 3216 patients with manifest arterial disease". Atherosclerosis 200: 184. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.006. PMID 18241872. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021-9150(07)00768-X.
^ Pearte CA, Furberg CD, O'Meara ES, et al (2006). "Characteristics and baseline clinical predictors of future fatal versus nonfatal coronary heart disease events in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study". Circulation 113 (18): 2177–85. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.610352. PMID 16651468. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/18/2177.
^ Erhardt L, Herlitz J, Bossaert L, et al (2002). "Task force on the management of chest pain" (PDF). Eur. Heart J. 23 (15): 1153–76. doi:10.1053/euhj.2002.3194. PMID 12206127. http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/23/15/1153.
^ "Routine use of oxygen in the treatment of myocardial infarction: systematic review -- Wijesinghe et al. 95 (3): 198 -- Heart". http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/95/3/198.
^ National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Heart Attack Warning Signs. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
^ Marcus GM, Cohen J, Varosy PD, et al (2007). "The utility of gestures in patients with chest discomfort". Am. J. Med. 120 (1): 83–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.045. PMID 17208083. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(06)00668-1.
^ Little RA, Frayn KN, Randall PE, et al (1986). "Plasma catecholamines in the acute phase of the response to myocardial infarction". Arch Emerg Med 3 (1): 20–7. PMID 3524599.
^ a b Canto JG, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, et al (December 2007). "Symptom presentation of women with acute coronary syndromes: myth vs reality". Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (22): 2405–13. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.22.2405. PMID 18071161. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18071161.
^ McSweeney JC, Cody M, O'Sullivan P, Elberson K, Moser DK, Garvin BJ (2003). "Women's early warning symptoms of acute myocardial infarction". Circulation 108 (21): 2619–23. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000097116.29625.7C. PMID 14597589.
^ D Lee, D Kulick, J Marks. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) by MedicineNet.com . Retrieved November 28, 2006.
^ Kannel WB. (1986). "Silent myocardial ischemia and infarction: insights from the Framingham Study". Cardiol Clin 4 (4): 583–91. PMID 3779719.
^ a b Davis TM, Fortun P, Mulder J, Davis WA, Bruce DG (2004). "Silent myocardial infarction and its prognosis in a community-based cohort of Type 2 diabetic patients: the Fremantle Diabetes Study". Diabetologia 47 (3): 395–9. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1344-4. PMID 14963648.
^ Rubin's Pathology - Clinicopathological Foundations of Medicine. Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001. pp. 549. ISBN 0-7817-4733-3.
^ Acute Coronary Syndrome. American Heart Association. Retrieved November 25, 2006.
^ Boie ET (2005). "Initial evaluation of chest pain". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 23 (4): 937–57. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.07.007. PMID 16199332. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0733-8627(05)00059-3.
^ a b c d e f Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. "Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories". Circulation 1998; 97(18): 1837-47. PMID 9603539
^ a b Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmaki E, Ekman MR, Manninen V, Manttari M, Frick MH, Huttunen JK. (1992). "Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study". Ann Intern Med 116 (4): 273–8. PMID 1733381.
^ Andraws R, Berger JS, Brown DL. (2005). "Effects of antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". JAMA 293 (21): 2641–7. doi:10.1001/jama.293.21.2641. PMID 15928286.
^ Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, et al (1985). "Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction". N. Engl. J. Med. 313 (21): 1315–22. PMID 2865677.
^ Beamer AD, Lee TH, Cook EF, et al (1987). "Diagnostic implications for myocardial ischemia of the circadian variation of the onset of chest pain". Am. J. Cardiol. 60 (13): 998–1002. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(87)90340-7. PMID 3673917.
^ Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Stone PH, et al (1997). "Circadian variation in the onset of unstable angina and non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (the TIMI III Registry and TIMI IIIB)". Am. J. Cardiol. 79 (3): 253–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00743-1. PMID 9036740. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002914997007431.
^ Tofler GH, Brezinski D, Schafer AI, et al (1987). "Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death". N. Engl. J. Med. 316 (24): 1514–8. PMID 3587281.
^ Fantidis P, Perez De Prada T, Fernandez-Ortiz A, et al (2002). "Morning cortisol production in coronary heart disease patients". Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 32 (5): 304–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.00988.x. PMID 12027868. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0014-2972&date=2002&volume=32&issue=5&spage=304.
^ Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, Lang CC, Rumboldt Z, Onen CL, Lisheng L, Tanomsup S, Wangai P Jr, Razak F, Sharma AM, Anand SS; INTERHEART Study Investigators. (2005). "Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study". Lancet 366 (9497): 1640–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67663-5. PMID 16271645.
^ Jensen G, Nyboe J, Appleyard M, Schnohr P. (1991). "Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Copenhagen, II: Smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, obesity, oral contraception, diabetes, lipids, and blood pressure". Eur Heart J 12 (3): 298–308. PMID 2040311.
^ a b Nyboe J, Jensen G, Appleyard M, Schnohr P. (1989). "Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Copenhagen. I: Hereditary, educational and socioeconomic factors. Copenhagen City Heart Study". Eur Heart J 10 (10): 910–6. PMID 2598948.
^ Khader YS, Rice J, John L, Abueita O. (2003). "Oral contraceptives use and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis". Contraception 68 (1): 11–7. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00073-8. PMID 12878281.
^ a b c d Wilson AM, Ryan MC, Boyle AJ. (2006). "The novel role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease: risk marker or pathogen". Int J Cardiol 106 (3): 291–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.01.068. PMID 16337036.
^ Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO 3rd, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, Rifai N, Smith SC Jr, Taubert K, Tracy RP, Vinicor F; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; American Heart Association. (2003). "Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association" (PDF). Circulation 107 (3): 499–511. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45. PMID 12551878. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/107/3/499.pdf.
^ Janket SJ, Baird AE, Chuang SK, Jones JA. (2003). "Meta-analysis of periodontal disease and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 95 (5): 559–69. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400272. PMID 12738947.
^ Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. (2005). "Periodontal diseases". Lancet 366 (9499): 1809–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67728-8. PMID 16298220.
^ Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S. (2003). "Associations between periodontal disease and risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. A systematic review". Ann Periodontol 8 (1): 38–53. doi:10.1902/annals.2003.8.1.38. PMID 14971247.
^ D'Aiuto F, Parkar M, Nibali L, Suvan J, Lessem J, Tonetti MS. (2006). "Periodontal infections cause changes in traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors: results from a randomized controlled clinical trial". Am Heart J 151 (5): 977–84. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.06.018. PMID 16644317.
^ Lourbakos A, Yuan YP, Jenkins AL, Travis J, Andrade-Gordon P, Santulli R, Potempa J, Pike RN. (2001). "Activation of protease-activated receptors by gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to platelet aggregation: a new trait in microbial pathogenicity" (PDF). Blood 97 (12): 3790–7. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.12.3790. PMID 11389018. http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/reprint/97/12/3790.pdf.
^ Qi M, Miyakawa H, Kuramitsu HK. (2003). "Porphyromonas gingivalis induces murine macrophage foam cell formation". Microb Pathog 35 (6): 259–67. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2003.07.002. PMID 14580389.
^ Spahr A, Klein E, Khuseyinova N, Boeckh C, Muche R, Kunze M, Rothenbacher D, Pezeshki G, Hoffmeister A, Koenig W. (2006). "Periodontal infections and coronary heart disease: role of periodontal bacteria and importance of total pathogen burden in the Coronary Event and Periodontal Disease (CORODONT) study". Arch Intern Med 166 (5): 554–9. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.5.554. PMID 16534043.
^ Davis TM, Balme M, Jackson D, Stuccio G, Bruce DG (October 2000). "The diagonal ear lobe crease (Frank's sign) is not associated with coronary artery disease or retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study". Aust N Z J Med 30 (5): 573–7. PMID 11108067.
^ Lichstein E, Chadda KD, Naik D, Gupta PK. (1974). "Diagonal ear-lobe crease: prevalence and implications as a coronary risk factor". N Engl J Med 290 (11): 615–6. PMID 4812503.
^ Miric D, Fabijanic D, Giunio L, Eterovic D, Culic V, Bozic I, Hozo I. (1998). "Dermatological indicators of coronary risk: a case-control study". Int J Cardiol 67 (3): 251–5. doi:10.1016/S0167-5273(98)00313-1. PMID 9894707.
^ Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM, Detrano RC (2004). "Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals". JAMA 291 (2): 210–5. doi:10.1001/jama.291.2.210. PMID 14722147. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14722147.
^ Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, et al (2008). "Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (13): 1336–45. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072100. PMID 18367736. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=18367736&promo=ONFLNS19.
^ Arad Y, Goodman KJ, Roth M, Newstein D, Guerci AD (2005). "Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C-reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: the St. Francis Heart Study". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46 (1): 158–65. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.088. PMID 15992651. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(05)01031-4.
^ Krijnen PA, Nijmeijer R, Meijer CJ, Visser CA, Hack CE, Niessen HW. (2002). "Apoptosis in myocardial ischaemia and infarction". J Clin Pathol 55 (11): 801–11. doi:10.1136/jcp.55.11.801. PMID 12401816.
^ Myocardial infarction: diagnosis and investigations - GPnotebook, retrieved November 27, 2006.
^ a b DE Fenton et al. Myocardial infarction - eMedicine, retrieved November 27, 2006.
^ HEART SCAN - Patient information from University College London. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
^ Skoufis E, McGhie AI (1998). "Radionuclide techniques for the assessment of myocardial viability". Tex Heart Inst J 25 (4): 272–9. PMID 9885104.
^ Gillum RF, Fortmann SP, Prineas RJ, Kottke TE. International diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction and acute stroke. Am Heart J 1984;108:150-8. PMID 6731265
^ Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP. (2000). "Myocardial infarction redefined--a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (3): 959–69. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00804-4. PMID 10987628.
^ a b S. Garas et al.. Myocardial Infarction. eMedicine. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
^ Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. p. 1444. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
^ Kasper DL, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. p. 1450.
^ a b Cannon CP at al. Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes. p. 175. New Jersey: Humana Press, 1999. ISBN 0-89603-552-2.
^ Selker HP, Zalenski RJ, Antman EM, et al (January 1997). "An evaluation of technologies for identifying acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department: executive summary of a National Heart Attack Alert Program Working Group Report". Ann Emerg Med 29 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70297-X. PMID 8998085.
^ Masoudi FA, Magid DJ, Vinson DR, et al (October 2006). "Implications of the failure to identify high-risk electrocardiogram findings for the quality of care of patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of the Emergency Department Quality in Myocardial Infarction (EDQMI) study". Circulation 114 (15): 1565–71. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.623652. PMID 17015790. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/114/15/1565.
^ a b "2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care - Part 8: Stabilization of the Patient With Acute Coronary Syndromes". Circulation 112: IV–89–IV–110. 2005. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166561. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/112/24_suppl/IV-89.
^ Somers MP, Brady WJ, Perron AD, Mattu A (May 2002). "The prominant T wave: electrocardiographic differential diagnosis". Am J Emerg Med 20 (3): 243–51. doi:10.1053/ajem.2002.32630. PMID 11992348.
^ Smith SW, Whitwam W (February 2006). "Acute coronary syndromes". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 24 (1): 53–89, vi. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.08.008. PMID 16308113.
^ Van Mieghem C, Sabbe M, Knockaert D (April 2004). "The clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions". Chest 125 (4): 1561–76. doi:10.1378/chest.125.4.1561. PMID 15078775. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/125/4/1561.
^ Brady WJ, Perron AD, Martin ML, Beagle C, Aufderheide TP (January 2001). "Cause of ST segment abnormality in ED chest pain patients". Am J Emerg Med 19 (1): 25–8. doi:10.1053/ajem.2001.18029. PMID 11146012.
^ a b Wang K, Asinger RW, Marriott HJ (November 2003). "ST-segment elevation in conditions other than acute myocardial infarction". N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (22): 2128–35. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022580. PMID 14645641.
^ Brady WJ, Chan TC, Pollack M (January 2000). "Electrocardiographic manifestations: patterns that confound the EKG diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction-left bundle branch block, ventricular paced rhythm, and left ventricular hypertrophy". J Emerg Med 18 (1): 71–8. doi:10.1016/S0736-4679(99)00178-X. PMID 10645842. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0736-4679(99)00178-X.
^ Brady WJ, Perron AD, Chan T (April 2001). "Electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation: correct identification of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and non-AMI syndromes by emergency physicians". Acad Emerg Med 8 (4): 349–60. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb02113.x. PMID 11282670.
^ Eisenman A (2006). "Troponin assays for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: where do we stand?". Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 4 (4): 509–14. doi:10.1586/14779072.4.4.509. PMID 16918269.
^ Aviles RJ, Askari AT, Lindahl B, Wallentin L, Jia G, Ohman EM, Mahaffey KW, Newby LK, Califf RM, Simoons ML, Topol EJ, Berger P, Lauer MS (2002). "Troponin T levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, with or without renal dysfunction". N Engl J Med 346 (26): 2047–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013456. PMID 12087140. . Summary for laymen
^ Apple FS, Wu AH, Mair J, et al (2005). "Future biomarkers for detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome". Clin. Chem. 51 (5): 810–24. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.046292. PMID 15774573. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/51/5/810.
^ Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, Jones RH, Kereiakes D, Kupersmith J, Levin TN, Pepine CJ, Schaeffer JW, Smith EE III, Steward DE, Théroux P. (2002). "ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina)" (PDF). J Am Coll Cardiol 40: 1366–74. PMID 12383588. http://www.acc.org/qualityandscience/clinical/guidelines/unstable/incorporated/UA_incorporated.pdf.
^ a b Rubin's Pathology - Clinicopathological Foundations of Medicine. Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001. pp. 546. ISBN 0-7817-4733-3.
^ Eichbaum FW. "'Wavy' myocardial fibers in spontaneous and experimental adrenergic cardiopathies" Cardiology 1975; 60(6): 358–65. PMID 782705
^ S Roy. Myocardial infarction. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
^ Fishbein MC. (1990). "Reperfusion injury". Clin Cardiol 13 (3): 213–7. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00270.2002 (inactive 2008-06-25). PMID 2182247.
^ a b TIME IS MUSCLE TIME WASTED IS MUSCLE LOST. Early Heart Attack Care, St. Agnes Healthcare. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
^ Meine TJ, Roe MT, Chen AY, et al (2005). "Association of intravenous morphine use and outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: results from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative". Am Heart J 149 (6): 1043–9. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.010. PMID 15976786. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002870305001493.
^ "Routine use of oxygen in the treatment of myocardial infarction: systematic review -- Wijesinghe et al. 95 (3): 198 -- Heart". http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/95/3/198.
^ ISIS-2 Collaborative group (1988). "Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2". Lancet 2 (8607): 349–60. PMID 2899772.
^ ISIS-1 Collaborative Group (1986). "Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16 027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1". Lancet 2 (8498): 57–66. PMID 2873379.
^ The TIMI Study Group (1989). "Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med 320 (10): 618–27. PMID 2563896.
^ a b c d e Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC Jr (2004). "ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction)". J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 671–719. PMID 15358045. http://www.acc.org/qualityandscience/clinical/guidelines/stemi/Guideline1/index.htm.
^ McCord J, Jneid H, Hollander JE, et al (April 2008). "Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology". Circulation 117 (14): 1897–907. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188950. PMID 18347214.
^ Faxon DP. "Coronary interventions and their impact on post myocardial infarction survival." Clin Cardiol 2005; 28(11 Suppl 1):I38-44. PMID 16450811
^ Heart attack first aid. MedlinePlus. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
^ Act In Time to Heart Attack Signs - NHLBI. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
^ Brown AL, Mann NC, Daya M, Goldberg R, Meischke H, Taylor J, Smith K, Osganian S, Cooper L. (2000). "Demographic, belief, and situational factors influencing the decision to utilize emergency medical services among chest pain patients. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) study". Circulation 102 (2): 173–8. PMID 10889127.
^ a b Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3.
^ a b Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al (August 2004). "ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1999 guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction)". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44 (3): 671–719. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.002. PMID 15358045.
^ Morrow DA, Antman EM, Sayah A, et al (July 2002). "Evaluation of the time saved by prehospital initiation of reteplase for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: results of The Early Retavase-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (ER-TIMI) 19 trial". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40 (1): 71–7. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01936-8. PMID 12103258. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109702019368.
^ a b Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, McDonald AC, Sawadsky BV, Cook DJ. (2000). "Mortality and prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis" (PDF). JAMA 283 (20): 2686–92. doi:10.1001/jama.283.20.2686. PMID 10819952. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/283/20/2686.pdf?ijkey=c72b289825a3fd6ace7545ef61cd70936485e7e1.
^ Rokos IC, Larson DM, Henry TD, et al (2006). "Rationale for establishing regional ST-elevation myocardial infarction receiving center (SRC) networks". Am. Heart J. 152 (4): 661–7. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.06.001. PMID 16996830.
^ Moyer P, Feldman J, Levine J, et al (June 2004). "Implications of the Mechanical (PCI) vs Thrombolytic Controversy for ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction on the Organization of Emergency Medical Services: The Boston EMS Experience". Crit Pathw Cardiol 3 (2): 53–61. doi:10.1097/01.hpc.0000128714.35330.6d. PMID 18340140.
^ Terkelsen CJ, Lassen JF, Nørgaard BL, et al (April 2005). "Reduction of treatment delay in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: impact of pre-hospital diagnosis and direct referral to primary percutanous coronary intervention". Eur. Heart J. 26 (8): 770–7. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi100. PMID 15684279. T
^ Henry TD, Atkins JM, Cunningham MS, et al (April 2006). "ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: recommendations on triage of patients to heart attack centers: is it time for a national policy for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction?". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47 (7): 1339–45. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.101. PMID 16580518.
^ Rokos I. and Bouthillet T., "The emergency medical systems-to-balloon (E2B) challenge: building on the foundations of the D2B Alliance," STEMI Systems, Issue Two, May 2007. Accessed June 16, 2007.
^ Cannon, Christopher (1999). Management of acute coronary syndromes. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. ISBN 0-89603-552-2.
^ Lee KL, Woodlief LH, Topol EJ, et al. "Predictors of 30-Day Mortality in the Era of Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction." Circulation 1995; 91: 1659-1668. PMID 7882472
^ Stone GW, Grines CL, Browne KF, et al. "Predictors of in-hospital and 6-month outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the reperfusion era: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI) trail." J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 370-377. PMID 14645641
^ a b c "Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group." Lancet 1994; 343(8893): 311-22. PMID 7905143
^ Verheugt FW, Gersh BJ, Armstrong PW. "Aborted myocardial infarction: a new target for reperfusion therapy." Eur Heart J 2006; 27(8): 901-4. PMID 16543251
^ Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, Simoons ML. "Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour." Lancet 1996; 348 (9030): 771-5. PMID 8813982
^ "Effects of tissue plasminogen activator and a comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the TIMI IIIB Trial. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia." Circulation 1994; 89 (4): 1545-56. PMID 8149520
^ a b c d Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, Buller CE, Jacobs AK, Slater JN, Col J, McKinlay SM, LeJemtel TH. (1999). "Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock". N Engl J Med 341 (9): 625–34. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908263410901. PMID 10460813.
^ White HD, Van de Werf FJ. "Thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction.." Circulation 1998; 97 (16): 1632-46. PMID 9593569
^ a b c The GUSTO investigators (1993). "An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. The GUSTO investigators". N Engl J Med 329 (10): 673–82. doi:10.1056/NEJM199309023291001. PMID 8204123.
^ Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, Montalescot G, Dellborg M, Leiva-Pons JL, Keltai M, Murphy SA, McCabe CH, Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Antman EM, Braunwald E; Clopidogrel as Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy (CLARITY)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 28 Investigators. (2005). "Angiographic and clinical outcomes in patients receiving low-molecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolytics in the CLARITY-TIMI 28 Trial". Circulation 112 (25): 3846–54. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595397. PMID 16291601.
^ Cowley MJ, Hastillo A, Vetrovec GW, Fisher LM, Garrett R, Hess ML. (1983). "Fibrinolytic effects of intracoronary streptokinase administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction and coronary insufficiency". Circulation 67 (5): 1031–8. PMID 6831667.
^ Lourenco DM, Dosne AM, Kher A, Samama M. (1989). "Effect of standard heparin and a low molecular weight heparin on thrombolytic and fibrinolytic activity of single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator in vitro". Thromb Haemost 62 (3): 923–6. PMID 2556812.
^ Van de Werf F, Vanhaecke J, de Geest H, Verstraete M, Collen D. (1986). "Coronary thrombolysis with recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction". Circulation 74 (5): 1066–70. PMID 2429783.
^ Bode C, Schoenermark S, Schuler G, Zimmermann R, Schwarz F, Kuebler W. (1988). "Efficacy of intravenous prourokinase and a combination of prourokinase and urokinase in acute myocardial infarction". Am J Cardiol 61 (13): 971–4. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(88)90108-7. PMID 2452564.
^ Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, Simoons ML. (1996). "Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour". Lancet 348 (9030): 771–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02514-7. PMID 8813982.
^ LATE trial intestigatos. (1993). "Late Assessment of Thrombolytic Efficacy (LATE) study with alteplase 6-24 hours after onset of acute myocardial infarction". Lancet 342 (8874): 759–66. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91538-W. PMID 8103874.
^ Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, Borer J, Cohen LS, Dalen J, Dodge HT, Francis CK, Hillis D, Ludbrook P, et al. (1987). "Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial, Phase I: A comparison between intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase. Clinical findings through hospital discharge". Circulation 76 (1): 142–54. PMID 3109764.
^ a b Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. (2003). "Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials". Lancet 361 (9351): 13–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12113-7. PMID 12517460.
^ Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, Rothbaum D, Stone GW, O'Keefe J, Overlie P, Donohue B, Chelliah N, Timmis GC, et al. (1993). "A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group". N Engl J Med 328 (10): 673–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199303113281001. PMID 8433725.
^ The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IIb) Angioplasty Substudy Investigators. (1997). "A clinical trial comparing primary coronary angioplasty with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med 336 (23): 1621–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199706053362301. PMID 9173270.
^ Boersma E; The Primary Coronary Angioplasty vs. Thrombolysis Group. "Does time matter? A pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing primary percutaneous coronary intervention and in-hospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction patients." Eur Heart J 2006; 27(7):779-88. PMID 16513663
^ Rokos IC, Larson DM, Henry TD, et al.; "Rationale for establishing regional ST-elevation myocardial infarction receiving center (SRC) networks." Am Heart J 2006; 152(4):661-7. PMID 16996830
^ Bradley EH, Herrin J, Wang Y, Barton BA, Webster TR, Mattera JA, Roumanis SA, Curtis JP, Nallamothu BK, Magid DJ, McNamara RL, Parkosewich J, Loeb JM, Krumholz HM. "Strategies for reducing the door-to-balloon time in acute myocardial infarction." N Engl J Med 2006; 355(22): 2308-20. PMID 17101617
^ "D2B: An Alliance for Quality". American College of Cardiology. 2006. http://d2b.acc.org/. Retrieved on April 15 2007.
^ De Villiers JS, Anderson T, McMeekin JD, et al. (2007). "Expedited transfer for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a program evaluation". CMAJ 176: 1833–8. PMID 17576980.
^ Aversano T et al. (2002). "Thrombolytic therapy vs primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction in patients presenting to hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA 287 (15): 1943–51. doi:10.1001/jama.287.15.1943. PMID 11960536.
^ Grines CL, Cox DA, Stone GW, Garcia E, Mattos LA, Giambartolomei A, Brodie BR, Madonna O, Eijgelshoven M, Lansky AJ, O'Neill WW, Morice MC. (1999). "Coronary angioplasty with or without stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction. Stent Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group". N Engl J Med 341 (26): 1949–56. doi:10.1056/NEJM199912233412601. PMID 10607811.
^ Brener SJ, Barr LA, Burchenal JE, Katz S, George BS, Jones AA, Cohen ED, Gainey PC, White HJ, Cheek HB, Moses JW, Moliterno DJ, Effron MB, Topol EJ. (1998). "Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. ReoPro and Primary PTCA Organization and Randomized Trial (RAPPORT) Investigators". Circulation 98 (8): 734–41. PMID 9727542.
^ Tcheng JE, Kandzari DE, Grines CL, Cox DA, Effron MB, Garcia E, Griffin JJ, Guagliumi G, Stuckey T, Turco M, Fahy M, Lansky AJ, Mehran R, Stone GW; CADILLAC Investigators. (2003). "Benefits and risks of abciximab use in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial". Circulation 108 (11): 1316–23. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000087601.45803.86. PMID 12939213.
^ Mukherjee, Debabrata (2006). 900 Questions: An Interventional Cardiology Board Review. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781773490.
^ Babaev A, Frederick PD, Pasta DJ, Every N, Sichrovsky T, Hochman JS (2005). "Trends in management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock". JAMA 294 (4): 448–54. doi:10.1001/jama.294.4.448. PMID 16046651. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16046651.
^ Townsend, Courtney M.; Beauchamp D.R., Evers M.B., Mattox K.L. (2004). Sabiston Textbook of Surgery - The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1871. ISBN 0-7216-0409-9. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/701163/description#description.
^ Kaul TK, Fields BL, Riggins SL, Dacumos GC, Wyatt DA, Jones CR (1995). "Coronary artery bypass grafting within 30 days of an acute myocardial infarction". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 59 (5): 1169–76. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(95)00125-5. PMID 7733715. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0003497595001255.
^ Creswell LL, Moulton MJ, Cox JL, Rosenbloom M (1995). "Revascularization after acute myocardial infarction". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 60 (1): 19–26. PMID 7598589. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000349759500351K.
^ White HD, Assmann SF, Sanborn TA, et al (2005). "Comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting after acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: results from the Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock (SHOCK) trial". Circulation 112 (13): 1992–2001. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.540948. PMID 16186436. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16186436.
^ Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Dzavik V, Buller CE, Aylward P, Col J, White HD; SHOCK Investigators. (2006). "Early revascularization and long-term survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction". JAMA 295 (21): 2511–5. doi:10.1001/jama.295.21.2511. PMID 16757723.
^ Raja SG, Haider Z, Ahmad M, Zaman H (2004). "Saphenous vein grafts: to use or not to use?". Heart Lung Circ 13 (4): 403–9. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2004.04.004. PMID 16352226. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1443-9506(04)00140-4.
^ Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, et al (2005). "Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (21): 2174–83. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040316. PMID 15917382. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=15917382&promo=ONFLNS19.
^ a b Bourassa MG (2000). "Clinical trials of coronary revascularization: coronary angioplasty vs. coronary bypass grafting". Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 15 (4): 281–6. doi:10.1097/00001573-200007000-00013. PMID 11139092. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0268-4705&volume=15&issue=4&spage=281.
^ Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Melsop KA, et al (2004). "Medical costs and quality of life 10 to 12 years after randomization to angioplasty or bypass surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease". Circulation 110 (14): 1960–6. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000143379.26342.5C. PMID 15451795. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15451795.
^ Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, Arensberg D, Baker A, Friedman L, Greene HL, et al. (1991). "Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial". N Engl J Med 324 (12): 781–8. PMID 1900101.
^ Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, Friedman PL, MacNeil DJ, Pauls JF, Pitt B, Pratt CM, Schwartz PJ, Veltri EP. (1996). "Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With Oral d-Sotalol". Lancet 348 (9019): 7–12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02149-6. PMID 8691967.
^ Julian DG, Camm AJ, Frangin G, Janse MJ, Munoz A, Schwartz PJ, Simon P. (1997). "Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators". Lancet 349 (9053): 667–74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09145-3. PMID 9078197.
^ Youngwith, Janice (2008-02-06). "Saving hearts in the air". Dailyherald.com. http://www.dailyherald.com/special/americanheartmonth/2008/index.asp?id=11. Retrieved on 2008-06-12.
^ Dowdall N. "'Is there a doctor on the aircraft?' Top 10 in-flight medical emergencies." BMJ 2000; 321(7272):1336-7. PMID 11090520. Full text at PMC: 1119071
^ a b Life after a Heart Attack. U.S. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
^ Trisha Macnair. Recovering after a heart attack. BBC, December 2005. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
^ a b "Classification of Drivers' Licenses Regulations". Nova Scotia Registry of Regulations. May 24, 2000. http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/regs/mvclasdl.htm. Retrieved on April 22 2007.
^ "Heart Attack: Getting Back Into Your Life After a Heart Attack". American Academy of Family Physicians, updated March 2005. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
^ Schachinger V, Erbs S, Elsasser A, Haberbosch W, Hambrecht R, Holschermann H, Yu J, Corti R, Mathey DG, Hamm CW, Suselbeck T, Assmus B, Tonn T, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM; REPAIR-AMI Investigators (2006). "Intracoronary bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med 355 (12): 1210–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa060186. PMID 16990384.
^ Christman KL, Lee RJ. "Biomaterials for the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48(5): 907-13. PMID 16949479
^ Canto JG, Shlipak MG, Rogers WJ, Malmgren JA, Frederick PD, Lambrew CT, Ornato JP, Barron HV, Kiefe CI. (2000). "Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and mortality among patients with myocardial infarction presenting without chest pain". JAMA 283 (24): 3223–9. doi:10.1001/jama.283.24.3223. PMID 10866870.
^ a b Yip HK, Wu CJ, Chang HW, Wang CP, Cheng CI, Chua S, Chen MC. (2003). "Cardiac rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction in the direct percutaneous coronary intervention reperfusion era" (PDF). Chest 124 (2): 565–71. doi:10.1378/chest.124.2.565. PMID 12907544. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/124/2/565.pdf.
^ a b Becker RC, Gore JM, Lambrew C, Weaver WD, Rubison RM, French WJ, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Bowlby LJ, Rogers WJ. (1996). "A composite view of cardiac rupture in the United States National Registry of Myocardial Infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (6): 1321–6. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(96)00008-3. PMID 8626938.
^ Moreno R, Lopez-Sendon J, Garcia E, Perez de Isla L, Lopez de Sa E, Ortega A, Moreno M, Rubio R, Soriano J, Abeytua M, Garcia-Fernandez MA. (2002). "Primary angioplasty reduces the risk of left ventricular free wall rupture compared with thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (4): 598–603. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01796-X. PMID 11849857.
^ Shin P, Sakurai M, Minamino T, Onishi S, Kitamura H. (1983). "Postinfarction cardiac rupture. A pathogenetic consideration in eight cases". Acta Pathol Jpn 33 (5): 881–93. PMID 6650169.
^ Podrid, Philip J.; Peter R. Kowey (2001). Cardiac Arrhythmia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781724864.
^ Sung, Ruey J.; Michael R. Lauer (2000). Fundamental Approaches to the Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias. Springer. ISBN 0792365593.
^ Josephson, Mark E. (2002). Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology: Techniques and Interpretations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0683306936.
^ Smith A, Aylward P, Campbell T, et al. Therapeutic Guidelines: Cardiovascular, 4th edition. North Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines; 2003. ISSN 1327-9513
^ Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, Diaz R, Commerford PJ, Valentin V, Yusuf S; Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) Trial Investigators. (2003). "Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study". Circulation 108 (14): 1682–7. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000091201.39590.CB. PMID 14504182.
^ Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P (1985). "Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials". Prog Cardiovasc Dis 27 (5): 335–71. doi:10.1016/S0033-0620(85)80003-7. PMID 2858114.
^ Dargie HJ. (2001). "Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial". Lancet 357 (9266): 1385–90. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04560-8. PMID 11356434.
^ Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, et al (1992). "Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators". N Engl J Med. 327 (10): 669–77. PMID 1386652.
^ Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. (1996). "The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators". N Engl J Med 335 (14): 1001–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199610033351401. PMID 8801446.
^ Sacks FM, Moye LA, Davis BR, Cole TG, Rouleau JL, Nash DT, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. (1998). "Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastatin and recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial". Circulation 97 (15): 1446–52. PMID 9576424.
^ Ray KK, Cannon CP (2005). "The potential relevance of the multiple lipid-independent (pleiotropic) effects of statins in the management of acute coronary syndromes". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46 (8): 1425–33. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.086. PMID 16226165. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(05)01773-0.
^ Keating G, Plosker G (2004). "Eplerenone: a review of its use in left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure after acute myocardial infarction". Drugs 64 (23): 2689–707. doi:10.1157/13089615. PMID 15537370.
^ "Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico". Lancet 354 (9177): 447–55. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07072-5. PMID 10465168.
^ Leaf A, Albert C, Josephson M, Steinhaus D, Kluger J, Kang J, Cox B, Zhang H, Schoenfeld D (2005). "Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake". Circulation 112 (18): 2762–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.549527. PMID 16267249. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/112/18/2762.
^ Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, Bocker D, Hauer RN, Wever EF, Dullemeijer C, Ronden JE, Katan MB, Lubinski A, Buschler H, Schouten EG; SOFA Study Group. (2006). "Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial". JAMA 295 (22): 2613–9. doi:10.1001/jama.295.22.2613. PMID 16772624.
^ Raitt MH, Connor WE, Morris C, Kron J, Halperin B, Chugh SS, McClelland J, Cook J, MacMurdy K, Swenson R, Connor SL, Gerhard G, Kraemer DF, Oseran D, Marchant C, Calhoun D, Shnider R, McAnulty J. (2005). "Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA 293 (23): 2284–91. doi:10.1001/jama.293.23.2884. PMID 15956633.
^ a b Lopez de Sa E, Lopez-Sendon J, Anguera I, Bethencourt A, Bosch X; Proyecto de Estudio del Pronostico de la Angina (PEPA) Investigators. "Prognostic value of clinical variables at presentation in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results of the Proyecto de Estudio del Pronostico de la Angina (PEPA)." Medicine (Baltimore) 2002; 81(6): 434-42. PMID 12441900
^ Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Van de Werf F, Avezum A, Goodman SG, Flather MD, Anderson FA Jr, Granger CB. "Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE)." BMJ 2006; 333(7578):1091. PMID 17032691
^ Weir RA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ. (2006). "Epidemiology of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic importance". Am J Cardiol 97 (10A): 13F–25F. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.03.005. PMID 16698331.
^ Bosch X, Theroux P. (2005). "Left ventricular ejection fraction to predict early mortality in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes". Am Heart J 150 (2): 215–20. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.09.027. PMID 16086920.
^ Nicod P, Gilpin E, Dittrich H, Polikar R, Hjalmarson A, Blacky A, Henning H, Ross J (1989). "Short- and long-term clinical outcome after Q wave and non-Q wave myocardial infarction in a large patient population". Circulation 79 (3): 528–36. PMID 2645061.
^ Liew R, Sulfi S, Ranjadayalan K, Cooper J, Timmis AD. (2006). "Declining case fatality rates for acute myocardial infarction in South Asian and white patients in the past 15 years". Heart 92 (8): 1030–4. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.078634. PMID 16387823.
^ "Cause of Death - UC Atlas of Global Inequality". Center for Global, International and Regional Studies (CGIRS) at the University of California Santa Cruz. http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/cause.php. Retrieved on December 7 2006.
^ "Deaths and percentage of total death for the 10 leading causes of death: United States, 2002-2003" (PDF). National Center of Health Statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/leadingdeaths03_tables.pdf. Retrieved on April 17 2007.
^ "Heart Attack and Angina Statistics". American Heart Association. 2003. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4591. Retrieved on December 7 2006.
^ Mukherjee AK. (1995). "Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories". J Indian Med Assoc. PMID 8713248.
^ Ghaffar A, Reddy KS and Singhi M (2004). "Burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asia" (PDF). BMJ 328: 807–810. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7443.807. PMID 15070638. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/328/7443/807.pdf.
^ a b Rastogi T, Vaz M, Spiegelman D, Reddy KS, Bharathi AV, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC and Ascherio1 A (2004). "Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease in India" (PDF). Int. J. Epidemiol 33: 1–9. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh042. PMID 15044412. http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/33/4/759.pdf.
^ Gupta R. (2007). "Escalating Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factors in South Asians" (PDF). Indian Heart Journal: 214–17. http://indianheartjournal.com/editorial007.pdf.
^ Gupta R, Misra A, Pais P, Rastogi P and Gupta VP. (2006). "Correlation of regional cardiovascular disease mortality in India with lifestyle and nutritional factors" (PDF). International Journal of Cardiology 108 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.05.044. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T16-4GFV5CY-4-3&_cdi=4882&_user=209690&_orig=search&_coverDate=04%2F14%2F2006&_sk=998919996&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzV&md5=050edf99a813f475b985c8d590c86228&ie=/sdarticle.pdf.
^ Workers' Compensation FAQ. Prairie View A&M University. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
^ SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS Subject Index. Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
^ Yeghiazarians Y, Braunstein JB, Askari A, Stone PH (January 2000). "Unstable angina pectoris". N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (2): 101–14. PMID 10631280. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=10631280&promo=ONFLNS19.
· ^ unstable angina at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
· ^ "Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Part I. Initial Evaluation and Management, and Hospital Care - August 1, 2004 - American Family Physician". http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040801/525.html.
· ^ "Unstable Angina: Overview - eMedicine". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/159383-overview.
· ^ familydoctor.org
· ^ Allessie MA, Bonke FI, Schopman FJ (August 1976). "Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. II. The role of nonuniform recovery of excitability in the occurrence of unidirectional block, as studied with multiple microelectrodes". Circ. Res. 39 (2): 168–77. PMID 939001.
· ^ a b Wells PS, Hirsh J, Anderson DR, Lensing AW, Foster G, Kearon C, Weitz J, D'Ovidio R, Cogo A, Prandoni P (1995). "Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis". Lancet 345 (8961): 1326–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92535-X. PMID 7752753.
· ^ a b Wells PS, Ginsberg JS, Anderson DR, Kearon C, Gent M, Turpie AG, Bormanis J, Weitz J, Chamberlain M, Bowie D, Barnes D, Hirsh J (1998). "Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism". Ann Intern Med 129 (12): 997–1005. PMID 9867786.
· ^ a b c d e Wells P, Anderson D, Rodger M, Ginsberg J, Kearon C, Gent M, Turpie A, Bormanis J, Weitz J, Chamberlain M, Bowie D, Barnes D, Hirsh J (2000). "Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer.". Thromb Haemost 83 (3): 416–20. PMID 10744147.
· ^ a b Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Stiell I, Dreyer JF, Barnes D, Forgie M, Kovacs G, Ward J, Kovacs MJ (2001). "Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and d-dimer". Ann Intern Med 135 (2): 98–107. PMID 11453709. http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/135/2/98.
· ^ Sanson BJ, Lijmer JG, Mac Gillavry MR, Turkstra F, Prins MH, Büller HR (2000). "Comparison of a clinical probability estimate and two clinical models in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. ANTELOPE-Study Group". Thromb. Haemost. 83 (2): 199–203. PMID 10739372.
· ^ a b van Belle A, Büller H, Huisman M, Huisman P, Kaasjager K, Kamphuisen P, Kramer M, Kruip M, Kwakkel-van Erp J, Leebeek F, Nijkeuter M, Prins M, Sohne M, Tick L (2006). "Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography". JAMA 295 (2): 172–9. doi:10.1001/jama.295.2.172. PMID 16403929. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/2/172.
· ^ Roy PM, Meyer G, Vielle B, Le Gall C, Verschuren F, Carpentier F, Leveau P, Furber A (2006). "Appropriateness of diagnostic management and outcomes of suspected pulmonary embolism". Ann. Intern. Med. 144 (3): 157–64. PMID 16461959.
· ^ Neff MJ (2003). "ACEP releases clinical policy on evaluation and management of pulmonary embolism". American family physician 68 (4): 759–60. PMID 12952389. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030815/practice.html.
· ^ YapKS, Kalff V, Turlakow A, Kelly MJ (2007). "A prospective reassessment of the utility of the Wells score in identifying pulmonary embolism". Med. J. Aust. 187 (6): 333–6. PMID 17874979.
· ^ a b c d Stein PD, Woodard PK, Weg JG, Wakefield TW, Tapson VF, Sostman HD, Sos TA, Quinn DA, Leeper KV, Hull RD, Hales CA, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Fowler SE, Buckley JD (2007). "Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II Investigators". Radiology 242 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1148/radiol.2421060971. PMID 17185658.
· ^ Bounameaux H, de Moerloose P, Perrier A, Reber G (1994). "Plasma measurement of D-dimer as diagnostic aid in suspected venous thromboembolism: an overview". Thromb. Haemost. 71 (1): 1–6. PMID 8165626.
· ^ Schaefer-Prokop C, Prokop M (2005). "MDCT for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism". European radiology 15 Suppl 4: D37–41. PMID 16479644.
· ^ a b Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR, et al (2006). "Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (22): 2317–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa052367. PMID 16738268.
· ^ Anderson DR, Kahn SR, Rodger MA et al (2007). "Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism". JAMA 298 (23): 2743–53. doi:10.1001/jama.298.23.2743. PMID 18165667.
· ^ Scarsbrook AF, Gleeson FV (2007). "Investigating suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy". BMJ 334 (7590): 418–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.39071.617257.80. PMID 17322258. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/334/7590/418.
· ^ Worsley D, Alavi A, Aronchick J, Chen J, Greenspan R, Ravin C (1993). "Chest radiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: observations from the PIOPED Study.". Radiology 189 (1): 133–6. PMID 8372182.
· ^ McGinn S, White PD (1935). "Acute cor pulmonale resulting from pulmonary embolism". J Am Med Assoc 104: 1473–80.
· ^ Rodger M, Makropoulos D, Turek M, et al (Oct 2000). "Diagnostic value of the electrocardiogram in suspected pulmonary embolism". Am. J. Cardiol. 86 (7): 807–9, A10. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01090-0. PMID 11018210.
· ^ Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ (2003). "Cardiac biomarkers for risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism". Circulation 108 (18): 2191–4. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000100687.99687.CE. PMID 14597581.
· ^ McConnell MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME, Come PC, Goldhaber SZ, Lee RT (1996). "Regional right ventricular dysfunction detected by echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism". Am. J. Cardiol. 78 (4): 469–73. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00339-6. PMID 8752195.
· ^ Goldhaber SZ (2004). "Pulmonary embolism". Lancet 363: 1295–305. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16004-2. PMID 15094276.
· ^ "BestBets: Outpatient treatment of pulmonary embolism". http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=421. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
· ^ "Safety Study of Outpatient Treatment for Pulmonary Embolism - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00425542. Retrieved on December 6 2008.
· ^ Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, Bowden C, Kakkar AK, Prins M, Rickles FR, Julian JA, Haley S, Kovacs MJ, Gent M (2003). "Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer.". N Engl J Med 349 (2): 146–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa025313. PMID 12853587.
· ^ Davies CW, Wimperis J, Green ES, et al (Oct 2007). "Early discharge of patients with pulmonary embolism: a two-phase observational study". Eur. Respir. J. 30 (4): 708–14. doi:10.1183/09031936.00140506. PMID 17567672.
· ^ Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, et al (2006). "D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (17): 1780–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054444. PMID 17065639.
· ^ Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P, Laporte S, Faivre R, Charbonnier B, Barral F, Huet Y, Simonneau G (1998). "A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prévention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group". N Engl J Med 338 (7): 409–15. doi:10.1056/NEJM199802123380701. PMID 9459643.
· ^ Jerjes-Sanchez C, Ramírez-Rivera A, de Lourdes García M, et al (1995). "Streptokinase and Heparin versus Heparin Alone in Massive Pulmonary Embolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial". J Thromb Thrombolysis 2 (3): 227–9. PMID 10608028.
· ^ Dong B, Jirong Y, Liu G, Wang Q, Wu T (2006). "Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD004437. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004437.pub2. PMID 16625603.
· ^ Augustinos P, Ouriel K (2004). "Invasive approaches to treatment of venous thromboembolism". Circulation 110 (9 Suppl 1): I27–34. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000140900.64198.f4. PMID 15339878.
· ^ Barritt DW, Jordan SC (1960). "Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a controlled trial.". Lancet 1: 1309–12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(60)92299-6. PMID 13797091.
· ^ Le Gal G, Righini M, Parent F, van Strijen M, Couturaud F (2006). "Diagnosis and management of subsegmental pulmonary embolism". J Thromb Haemost 4 (4): 724–31. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01819.x. PMID 16634736.
· ^ Perrier A, Bounameaux H (2006). "Accuracy or outcome in suspected pulmonary embolism". N Engl J Med 354 (22): 2383–5. doi:10.1056/NEJMe068076. PMID 16738276. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/22/2383.
· ^ Jiménez D, Yusen RD, Otero R, et al (2007). "Prognostic models for selecting patients with acute pulmonary embolism for initial outpatient therapy". Chest 132 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1378/chest.06-2921. PMID 17625081.
· ^ White RH (October 2008). "Risk of fatal pulmonary embolism was 0.49 per 100 person-years after discontinuing anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism". Evid Based Med 13 (5): 154. doi:10.1136/ebm.13.5.154. PMID 18836122.
· ^ pulmonary edema at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
· ^ a b c d e Ware LB, Matthay MA. Acute pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2788-96. PMID 16382065.
· ^ What Is Pulmonary Hypertension? From Diseases and Conditions Index (DCI). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Last updated September 2008. Retrieved on 6 April, 2009.
· ^ Chapter 41, page 210 in: Cardiology secrets By Olivia Vynn Adair Edition: 2, illustrated Published by Elsevier Health Sciences, 2001 ISBN 1560534206, 9781560534204
· ^ HampsonNB, Dunford RG (1997). "Pulmonary edema of scuba divers". Undersea Hyperb Med 24 (1): 29–33. PMID 9068153. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2388. Retrieved on 2008-09-04.
· ^ Cochard G, Arvieux J, Lacour JM, Madouas G, Mongredien H, Arvieux CC (2005). "Pulmonary edema in scuba divers: recurrence and fatal outcome". Undersea Hyperb Med 32 (1): 39–44. PMID 15796313. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4032. Retrieved on 2008-09-04.
· ^ Fremont RD, Kallet RH, Matthay MA, Ware LB (June 2007). "Postobstructive pulmonary edema: a case for hydrostatic mechanisms". Chest 131 (6): 1742–6. doi:10.1378/chest.06-2934. PMID 17413051. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17413051. Retrieved on 2008-09-04.
· ^ Chuang YC, Wang CH, Lin YS (September 2007). "Negative pressure pulmonary edema: report of three cases and review of the literature". Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264 (9): 1113–6. doi:10.1007/s00405-007-0379-9. PMID 17598119.
· ^ Luks AM (2008). "Do we have a "best practice" for treating high altitude pulmonary edema?". High Alt. Med. Biol. 9 (2): 111–4. doi:10.1089/ham.2008.1017. PMID 18578641.
· ^ Bates, M (2007). "High altitude pulmonary edema". Altitude Physiology Expeditions. http://www.altitude.org/hape_altitude.htm. Retrieved on 2008-09-04.
· ^ Masip J, Roque M, Sánchez B, Fernández R, Subirana M, Expósito JA (December 2005). "Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: systematic review and meta-analysis". JAMA 294 (24): 3124–30. doi:10.1001/jama.294.24.3124. PMID 16380593. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/24/3124.
· ^ Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J, Graham P, Bersten AD (April 2006). "Effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a meta-analysis". Lancet 367 (9517): 1155–63. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68506-1. PMID 16616558.
· ^ "Hypertensive Urgencies & Emergencies - Hypertension Drug Therapy". Systemic Hypertension. 2006. http://www.health.am/hypertension/hypertensive-urgencies-emergencies/. Retrieved on 2007-12-02.
· ^ "Emergency room management of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies". 2001. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/407727. Retrieved on 2007-12-02.
· ^ ForauerAR, Dasika NL, Gemmete JJ, Theoharis C (Feb 2003). "Pericardial tamponade complicating central venous interventions". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 14 (2 Pt 1): 255–9. PMID 12582195. http://www.jvir.org/cgi/content/full/14/2/255.
· ^ a b c d e f Porth, Carol; Carol Mattson, PhD Porth (2005). Pathophysiology: concepts of altered health states (7th ed.). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-4988-3.
· ^ a b c d Gwinnutt CL, Driscoll PA (2003). Trauma Resuscitation: The Team Approach (2nd ed.). Oxford: BIOS. ISBN 1-85996-009-X.
· ^ Isselbacher EM, Cigarroa JE, Eagle KA (Nov 1994). "Cardiac tamponade complicating proximal (retrograde) aortic dissection. Is pericardiocentesis harmful?". Circulation 90 (5): 2375–8. PMID 7955196.
· ^ Longmore, J. M.; Murray Longmore; Wilkinson, Ian; Supraj R. Rajagopalan (2004). Oxford handbook of clinical medicine (6th ed.). Oxford [Oxfordshire]: OxfordUniversity Press. ISBN 0-19-852558-3.
· ^ Meniconi, A; C H ATTENHOFER JOST, R JENNI (Nov 2000). "How to survive myocardial rupture after myocardial infarction". Heart 84 (5): 552. doi:10.1136/heart.84.5.552. PMID 11040020. http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/84/5/552.
· ^ Patton KT, ThibodeauGA (2003). Anatomy & physiology (5th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-323-01628-6.
· ^ American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. (2007). Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors, 7th Edition . Chicago: American College of Surgeons
· ^ a b Holt L, Dolan B (2000). Accident and emergency: theory into practice. London: Baillière Tindall. ISBN 0-7020-2239-X.
· ^ Cirasino L, Thiella G, Invernizzi R, Silvani A, Ragaini S (1992). "Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia associated with type II diabetes and complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis". Recenti progressi in medicina 83 (4): 194–6. PMID 1626111.
· ^ Stoner, GD (May 2005). "Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state". American Family Physician 71 (9): 1723–1730. PMID 15887451. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050501/1723.html.
· ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Schneider HJ, Aimaretti G, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Stalla GK, Ghigo E (April 2007). "Hypopituitarism". Lancet 369 (9571): 1461–70. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60673-4. PMID 17467517.
· ^ Hypopituitarism at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
· ^ Panhypopituitarism at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
· ^ a b Simmonds (1914). "Über hypophysisschwund mit todlichem ausgang". Dtsch Med Wschr 40: 322.
· ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w van Aken MO, Lamberts SW (2005). "Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update". Pituitary 8 (3-4): 183–91. doi:10.1007/s11102-006-6039-z. PMID 16508719.
· ^ a b c d Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, Garcia-Mayor RV (December 2001). "Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 55 (6): 735–40. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01406.x. PMID 11895214.
· ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM (April 2006). "Aetiology, diagnosis, and management of hypopituitarism in adult life". Postgrad Med J 82 (966): 259–66. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2005.039768. PMID 16597813. http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/82/966/259.
· ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0721629210.
· ^ Arlt W, Allolio B (May 2003). "Adrenal insufficiency". Lancet 361 (9372): 1881–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13492-7. PMID 12788587.
· ^ Maghnie M (2003). "Diabetes insipidus". Horm. Res. 59 Suppl 1: 42–54. doi:10.1159/000067844. PMID 12566720.
· ^ a b c d e f g Melmed S, Jameson JL (2005). "Disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus". in Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 2076–97. ISBN 0-071-39140-1.
· ^ Kaushal K, Shalet SM (2007). "Defining growth hormone status in adults with hypopituitarism". Horm. Res. 68 (4): 185–94. doi:10.1159/000101286. PMID 17389809.
· ^ a b DorinRI, Qualls CR, Crapo LM (2003). "Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency". Ann. Intern. Med. 139 (3): 194–204. PMID 12899587. http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/3/194.
· ^ a b c d Cohen LE, Radovick S (August 2002). "Molecular basis of combined pituitary hormone deficiencies". Endocr. Rev. 23 (4): 431–42. doi:10.1210/er.2001-0030. PMID 12202459. http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/4/431.
· ^ a b c Kelberman D, DattaniMT (August 2007). "Hypothalamic and pituitary development: novel insights into the aetiology". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 157 Suppl 1: S3–14. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0156. PMID 17785694. http://www.eje-online.org/cgi/content/full/157/suppl_1/S3.
· ^ Guillemin R (January 2005). "Hypothalamic hormones a.k.a. hypothalamic releasing factors". J. Endocrinol. 184 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05883. PMID 15642779. http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/content/full/184/1/11.
· ^ a b c Arafah BM, Nasrallah MP (December 2001). "Pituitary tumors: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management" (PDF). Endocr. Relat. Cancer 8 (4): 287–305. doi:10.1677/erc.0.0080287. PMID 11733226. http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/reprint/8/4/287.
· ^ Schlechte JA (November 2003). "Prolactinoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (21): 2035–41. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp025334. PMID 14627789.
· ^ Pietrangelo A (June 2004). "Hereditary hemochromatosis--a new look at an old disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (23): 2383–97. doi:10.1056/NEJMra031573. PMID 15175440.
· ^ Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, et al (February 2001). "Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism". Lancet 357 (9254): 425–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04006-X. PMID 11273062.
· ^ Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla GK, Agha A (September 2007). "Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review". Journal of the American Medical Association 298 (12): 1429–38. doi:10.1001/jama.298.12.1429. PMID 17895459. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/12/1429.
· ^ Behan LA, Phillips J, Thompson CJ, Agha A (July 2008). "Neuroendocrine disorders after traumatic brain injury". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 79 (7): 753–9. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.132837. PMID 18559460.
· ^ a b c Sellwood RA, Welbourn RB, Friesen SR (1990). The History of Endocrine Surgery:. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-92586-2.
· ^ synd/2008 at Who Named It?
· ^ Simmonds disease at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
· ^ Yalow RS, Berson SA (July 1960). "Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man". J. Clin. Invest. 39: 1157–75. doi:10.1172/JCI104130. PMID 13846364.
· ^ Harsoulis P, Marshall JC, Kuku SF, Burke CW, London DR, Fraser TR (November 1973). "Combined test for assessment of anterior pituitary function". Br Med J 4 (5888): 326–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5888.326. PMID 4202260.
· ^ "Pituitary Disorders". http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/endocrinology/pituitary/pituitary.htm#apoplexy.
· ^ Biousse V, NewmanNJ, OyesikuNM (October 2001). "Precipitating factors in pituitary apoplexy". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 71 (4): 542–5. doi:10.1136/jnnp.71.4.542. PMID 11561045. http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11561045.
^ Luft, FC (February 2001). "Lactic acidosis update for critical care clinicians". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (American Society of Nephrology) 12 (Suppl. 17): 15–19. PMID 11251027. http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_1/S15. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
^ "Lactic Acidosis retrieved from Access Medicine "Diagnostic Tests"". J Intern Med 2004;255:179. [PMID: 14746555]. http://www.accessmedicine.com. Retrieved on 3/25/09.
^ Woods, Hubert Frank; Cohen, Robert (1976). Clinical and biochemical aspects of lactic acidosis. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 0-632-09460-5.
^ "Lactic Acidosis retrieved from Clinician's Pocket Reference, Chapter 4 via Access Medicine". http://www.accessmedicine.com. Retrieved on 3/25/09.
^ [1]. Accessed 31 January 2009.
Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders by Rose, Post
Intensive Care Medicine by Irwin and Rippe
The ICU Book by Marino
· ^ Philip E. Cryer (1997). Hypoglycemia: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: OxfordUniversity Press. ISBN 0-19-511325-X. OCLC 36188385.
· ^ Koh TH, Eyre JA, Aynsley-Green A (1988). "Neonatal hypoglycaemia--the controversy regarding definition". Arch. Dis. Child. 63 (11): 1386–8. PMID 3202648.
· ^ Cornblath M, Schwartz R, Aynsley-Green A, Lloyd JK (1990). "Hypoglycemia in infancy: the need for a rational definition. A Ciba Foundation discussion meeting". Pediatrics 85 (5): 834–7. PMID 2330247.
· ^ Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF, Aynsley-Green A, Ward-Platt MP, Schwartz R, Kalhan SC (2000). "Controversies regarding definition of neonatal hypoglycemia: suggested operational thresholds". Pediatrics 105 (5): 1141–5. doi:10.1542/peds.105.5.1141. PMID 10790476.
· ^ a b TustisonWA, Bowen AJ, Crampton JH (1966). "Clinical interpretation of plasma glucose values". Diabetes 15 (11): 775–7. PMID 5924610.
· ^ a b c [edited by] John Bernard Henry (1979). Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-4639-5. OCLC 4884633.
· ^ Clarke WL, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick LA, Carter W, Pohl SL (1987). "Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose". Diabetes Care 10 (5): 622–8. doi:10.2337/diacare.10.5.622. PMID 3677983.
· ^ Gama R, Anderson NR, Marks V (2000). "'Glucose meter hypoglycaemia': often a non-disease". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 37 ( Pt 5): 731–2. doi:10.1258/0004563001899825. PMID 11026531.
· ^ de Pasqua A, Mattock MB, Phillips R, Keen H (1984). "Errors in blood glucose determination". Lancet 2 (8412): 1165. PMID 6150231.
· ^ Horwitz DL (1989). "Factitious and artifactual hypoglycemia". Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 18 (1): 203–10. PMID 2645127.
· ^ Samuel Meites, editor-in-chief; contributing editors, Gregory J. Buffone... [et al.] (1989). Pediatric clinical chemistry: reference (normal) values. Washington, D.C: AACC Press. ISBN 0-915274-47-7. OCLC 18497532.
· ^ 20 White NH, Skor D, Cryer PE, Bier DM, Levandoski L, Santiago JV: Identification of type 1 diabetic patients at increased risk for hypoglycemia during intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 308:485–491, 1983
· ^ 21 Bolli GB, De Feo P, De Cosmo S, Perriello G, Ventura MM, Massi-Benedetti M, Santeusanio F, Gerich JE, Brunetti P: A reliable and reproducible test for adequate glucose counterregulation in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 33:732–737, 1984
· ^ edited by Allen I. Arieff, Robert C. Griggs (1992). Metabolic brain dysfunction in systemic disorders. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-05067-9. OCLC 24912204.
· ^ http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/283/2/E207
· ^ http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/9/4450
· ^ "The Hypoglycemic states - Hypoglycemia". The Hypoglycemic states. Armenian Medical Network. 2007. http://www.health.am/db/the-hypoglycemic-states-hypoglycemia/.
· ^ Addison disease at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
· ^ Thomas Addison (HTML reprint). On The Constitutional And Local Effects Of Disease Of The Supra-Renal Capsules. London: Samuel Highley. http://www.wehner.org/addison/x1.htm.
· ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ten S, New M, Maclaren N (2001). "Clinical review 130: Addison's disease 2001". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (7): 2909–22. doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.2909. PMID 11443143. http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/86/7/2909.
· ^ Patnaik MM, DeshpandeAK (May 2008). "Diagnosis--Addison's disease secondary to tuberculosis of the adrenal glands". Clin Med Res 6 (1): 29. doi:10.3121/cmr.2007.754a. PMID 18591375. PMC: 2442022. http://www.clinmedres.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18591375.
· ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0721629210.
· ^ Addison's Disease National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service. Retrieved on 26 October 2007.
· ^ Wang L, Yang J (2008). "Tuberculous Addison's disease mimics malignancy in FDG-PET images". Intern. Med. 47 (19): 1755–6. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1348. PMID 18827432. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/internalmedicine/47.1348?from=PubMed.
· ^ "Addison Disease � Health information regarding this hormonal (endocrine) disorder on MedicineNet.com". http://www.medicinenet.com/addison_disease/article.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-25.
· ^ a b "eMedicine - Addison Disease : Article by Sylvester Odeke". http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic42.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-25.
· ^ "medhelp". http://www.medhelp.org/www/nadf3.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-25.
· ^ Volpé, Robert (1990). Autoimmune Diseases of the Endocrine System. CRC Press. pp. 299. ISBN 0849368499.
· ^ "Dog Days Of Science". http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/dog_days.htm. Retrieved on 2008-09-01.
· ^ Nicholas JA, Burstein CL, Umberger CJ, Wilson PD (November 1955). "Management of adrenocortical insufficiency during surgery". AMA Arch Surg 71 (5): 737–42. PMID 13268224.
· ^ Owen, David (May 2003). "Diseased, demented, depressed: serious illness in Heads of State". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine (Oxford University Press) 96 (5): 325–36. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg061. PMID 12702781. http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/5/325.
· ^ Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963. London: Penguin Books. pp. 105, 731. ISBN 978-0141015354.
· ^ "The Australian Addison's Disease Association". http://www.addisons.org.au/core.htm?page=/awareness/awarenessweek.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-25.
· ^ Marsden, Brian (1997-07-18). "Eugene Shoemaker (1928-1997)" (HTML). Comet Shoemaker-Levy Collision with Jupiter. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news81.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-25.
· ^ Jones, Terry. "Patron Saints Index: Blessed Elizabeth of the Trinity". http://saints.sqpn.com/sainte46.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
· ^ Upfal, Annette (2005). "Jane Austen’s lifelong health problems and final illness: New evidence points to a fatal Hodgkin’s disease and excludes the widely accepted Addison's". Medical Humanities (BMJ Publishing Group Ltd) 31: 3–11. doi:10.1136/jmh.2004.000193. http://mh.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/31/1/3.
· ^ L. Williams et al. (1991). "The Nineteenth Century: Victorian Period". The Year's Work in English Studies (Oxford University Press) 72 (1): pp. 314–360. doi:10.1093/ywes/72.1.314. http://ywes.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/long/72/1/314.
· ^ Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. p. 139. ISBN 978-0375414862.
^ myxedema at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "Pretibial Myxedema", Retrieved on 2009-3-27
^ "Hasihimotos Thyroiditis", Retrieved on 2009-3-27
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetany_(medical_sign)
· ^ Graber CJ et al (2007). "A Stitch in Time — A 64-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease was admitted to the hospital with a several-month history of fevers, chills, and fatigue". New Engl J Med 357: 1029–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMcps062601. PMID 17804848. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/10/1029.
· ^ Sierra J, Kalangos A, Faidutti B, Christenson JT (2003). "Aorto-enteric fistula is a serious complication to aortic surgery. Modern trends in diagnosis and therapy". Cardiovascular surgery (London, England) 11 (3): 185–8. doi:10.1016/S0967-2109(03)00004-8. PMID 12704326.
· ^ Cendan JC, Thomas JB, Seeger JM (2004). "Twenty-one cases of aortoenteric fistula: lessons for the general surgeon". The American surgeon 70 (7): 583–7; discussion 587. PMID 15279179.
· ^ a b Ernst AA, Haynes ML, Nick TG, Weiss SJ (1999). "Usefulness of the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in gastrointestinal bleeding". Am J Emerg Med 17 (1): 70–2. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90021-9. PMID 9928705. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-6757(99)90021-9.
· ^ a b Witting MD, Magder L, Heins AE, Mattu A, Granja CA, Baumgarten M (2006). "ED predictors of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in patients without hematemesis". Am J Emerg Med 24 (3): 280–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.11.005. PMID 16635697. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-6757(05)00427-4.
· ^ Witting MD, Magder L, Heins AE, Mattu A, Granja CA, Baumgarten M (2004). "Usefulness and validity of diagnostic nasogastric aspiration in patients without hematemesis". Ann Emerg Med 43 (4): 525–32. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.09.002. PMID 15039700. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196064403009417.
· ^ a b Cuellar RE, Gavaler JS, Alexander JA, et al (1990). "Gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. The value of a nasogastric aspirate". Arch. Intern. Med. 150 (7): 1381–4. doi:10.1001/archinte.150.7.1381. PMID 2196022.
· ^ Rosenthal P, Thompson J, Singh M (1984). "Detection of occult blood in gastric juice". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 6 (2): 119–21. doi:10.1097/00004836-198404000-00004. PMID 6715849.
· ^ Holman JS, Shwed JA (1992). "Influence of sucralfate on the detection of occult blood in simulated gastric fluid by two screening tests". Clin Pharm 11 (7): 625–7. PMID 1617913.
· ^ "Outpatient management of patients with low-risk upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage: multicentre validation and prospective evaluation". http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61769-9/abstract#. Retrieved on 1/24/2009.
· ^ [1]Stanley AJ et al. Outpatient management of patients with low-risk upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage: Multicentre validation and prospective evaluation. Lancet 2009 Jan 3; 373:42. Summary Retrieved from Journal Watch 1/20/09 from Journal Watch Gastroenterology January 9, 2009
· ^ "Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score". http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Glasgow-Blatchford_score. Retrieved on 1/24/2009.
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003133
· ^ National Library of Medicine. "Pancreatitis, Chronic". http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2007/MB_cgi?mode=&term=CHRONIC+PANCREATITIS. Retrieved on 2007-08-30.
· ^ http://www.fda.gov/CDER/Drug/InfoSheets/HCP/exenatide2008HCP.htm
· ^ D. Whitcomb (2006). "Genetic Testing for Pancreatitis". http://www.touchalimentarydisease.com/articles.cfm?article_id=6374&level=2.
· ^ a b Banks P, Freeman M (2006). "Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis". Am J Gastroenterol 101 (10): 2379–400. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00856.x. PMID 17032204.
· ^ UK Working Party on Acute Pancreatitis (2005). "UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis". Gut 54 Suppl 3: iii1. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.057026. PMID 15831893. http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/54/suppl_3/iii1.
· ^ a b Smith RC, Southwell-Keely J, Chesher D (June 2005). "Should serum pancreatic lipase replace serum amylase as a biomarker of acute pancreatitis?". ANZ J Surg 75 (6): 399–404. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03391.x. PMID 15943725. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1445-1433&date=2005&volume=75&issue=6&spage=399.
· ^ Treacy J, Williams A, Bais R, et al (October 2001). "Evaluation of amylase and lipase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis". ANZ J Surg 71 (10): 577–82. doi:10.1046/j.1445-2197.2001.02220.x. PMID 11552931. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1445-1433&date=2001&volume=71&issue=10&spage=577.
· ^ Steinberg WM, Goldstein SS, DavisND, Shamma'a J, Anderson K (May 1985). "Diagnostic assays in acute pancreatitis. A study of sensitivity and specificity". Ann. Intern. Med. 102 (5): 576–80. PMID 2580467.
· ^ Lin XZ, Wang SS, TsaiYT, et al (February 1989). "Serum amylase, isoamylase, and lipase in the acute abdomen. Their diagnostic value for acute pancreatitis". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 11 (1): 47–52. PMID 2466075.
· ^ Keim V, Teich N, Fiedler F, Hartig W, Thiele G, Mössner J (January 1998). "A comparison of lipase and amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in patients with abdominal pain". Pancreas 16 (1): 45–9. doi:10.1097/00006676-199801000-00008. PMID 9436862. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0885-3177&volume=16&issue=1&spage=45.
· ^ Ignjatović S, Majkić-Singh N, Mitrović M, Gvozdenović M (November 2000). "Biochemical evaluation of patients with acute pancreatitis". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 38 (11): 1141–4. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2000.173. PMID 11156345.
· ^ Sternby B, O'Brien JF, ZinsmeisterAR, DiMagno EP (December 1996). "What is the best biochemical test to diagnose acute pancreatitis? A prospective clinical study". Mayo Clin. Proc. 71 (12): 1138–44. doi:10.4065/71.12.1138. PMID 8945483.
· ^ Corsetti J, Cox C, Schulz T, Arvan D (1993). "Combined serum amylase and lipase determinations for diagnosis of suspected acute pancreatitis". Clin Chem 39 (12): 2495–9. PMID 7504593.
· ^ Fleszler F, Friedenberg F, Krevsky B, Friedel D, Braitman L (2003). "Abdominal computed tomography prolongs length of stay and is frequently unnecessary in the evaluation of acute pancreatitis". Am J Med Sci 325 (5): 251–5. doi:10.1097/00000441-200305000-00001. PMID 12792243.
· ^ McMenamin D, Gates L (1996). "A retrospective analysis of the effect of contrast-enhanced CT on the outcome of acute pancreatitis". Am J Gastroenterol 91 (7): 1384–7. PMID 8678000.
· ^ Hwang T, Chang K, Ho Y (2000). "Contrast-enhanced dynamic computed tomography does not aggravate the clinical severity of patients with severe acute pancreatitis: reevaluation of the effect of intravenous contrast medium on the severity of acute pancreatitis". Arch Surg 135 (3): 287–90. doi:10.1001/archsurg.135.3.287. PMID 10722029.
· ^ Corfield AP, Cooper MJ, Williamson RC, et al (1985). "Prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis: prospective comparison of three prognostic indices". Lancet 2 (8452): 403–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92733-3. PMID 2863441.
· ^ a b Ulcerative colitis at eMedicine
· ^ Orholm M, Binder V, Sørensen TI, Rasmussen LP, Kyvik KO (2000). "Concordance of inflammatory bowel disease among Danish twins. Results of a nationwide study". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 35 (10): 1075–81. doi:10.1080/003655200451207. PMID 11099061.
· ^ Tysk C, Lindberg E, Jarnerot G, Floderus-Myrhed B (1988). ""Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking". Gut 29: 990–996. doi:10.1136/gut.29.7.990. PMID 3396969.
· ^ a b BaumgartDC, Carding SR (2007). ""Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology"". The Lancet 369 (9573): 1627–1640. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60750-8. PMID 17499605.
· ^ Cho JH, Nicolae DL, Ramos R, et al (2000). "Linkage and linkage disequilibrium in chromosome band 1p36 in American Chaldeans with inflammatory bowel disease". Hum. Mol. Genet. 9 (9): 1425–32. doi:10.1093/hmg/9.9.1425. PMID 10814724. http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/9/9/1425.
· ^ Järnerot G, Järnmark I, Nilsson K (1983). "Consumption of refined sugar by patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or irritable bowel syndrome". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 18 (8): 999–1002. PMID 6673083.
· ^ Corrao G, Tragnone A, Caprilli R, et al (1998). "Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception and breastfeeding in Italy: a nationwide case-control study. Cooperative Investigators of the Italian Group for the Study of the Colon and the Rectum (GISC)". Int J Epidemiol 27 (3): 397–404. doi:10.1093/ije/27.3.397. PMID 9698126. http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9698126.
· ^ "Roche Found Liable in First Of 400 Suits Over Accutane". Washington Post. 2007-05-29. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/29/AR2007052901946.html.
· ^ Reddy D, SiegelCA, Sands BE, Kane S (2006). "Possible association between isotretinoin and inflammatory bowel disease". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 (7): 1569–73. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00632.x. PMID 16863562.
· ^ Borobio E, Arín A, Valcayo A, Iñarrairaegui M, Nantes O, Prieto C (2004). "[Isotretinoin and ulcerous colitis]" (in Spanish; Castilian). An Sist Sanit Navar 27 (2): 241–3. PMID 15381956.
· ^ ReniersDE, Howard JM (2001). "Isotretinoin-induced inflammatory bowel disease in an adolescent". Ann Pharmacother 35 (10): 1214–6. doi:10.1345/aph.10368. PMID 11675849. http://www.theannals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11675849.
· ^ Heather WonTesoriero (2008-04-23). "Jury Awards $10.5 Million Over Accutane". Wall St Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120890352155036159.html?mod=dist_smartbrief.
· ^ BaumgartDC, Sandborn WJ (2007). "Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies.". The Lancet 369 (9573): 1641–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60751-X. PMID 17499606.
· ^ Fauci et al. Harrison's Internal Medicine, 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2008. ISBN 0071599916
· ^ a b c d e f g Kornbluth A, Sachar DB (2004). "Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults (update): American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (7): 1371–85. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40036.x. PMID 15233681. http://www.acg.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/UlcerativeColitisUpdate.pdf.
· ^ a b Roediger WE, Moore J, Babidge W (1997). "Colonic sulfide in pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis". Dig. Dis. Sci. 42 (8): 1571–9. doi:10.1023/A:1018851723920. PMID 9286219. http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0163-2116&volume=42&page=1571.
· ^ Levine J, Ellis CJ, Furne JK, Springfield J, Levitt MD (1998). "Fecal hydrogen sulfide production in ulcerative colitis". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93 (1): 83–7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.083_c.x. PMID 9448181.
· ^ a b Hanauer SB (1996). "Inflammatory bowel disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (13): 841–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199603283341307. PMID 8596552. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=8596552&promo=ONFLNS19.
· ^ Podolsky DK (2002). "Inflammatory bowel disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (6): 417–29. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020831. PMID 12167685.
· ^ Shivananda S, Lennard-Jones J, Logan R, et al (1996). "Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD)". Gut 39 (5): 690–7. doi:10.1136/gut.39.5.690. PMID 9014768. PMC: 1383393. http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9014768.
· ^ Fauci et al. Harrison's Internal Medicine, 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2008. ISBN 0071599916
· ^ Broomé U, Bergquist A (2006). "Primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer". Semin. Liver Dis. 26 (1): 31–41. doi:10.1055/s-2006-933561. PMID 16496231.
· ^ Leighton JA, Shen B, Baron TH, et al (2006). "ASGE guideline: endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease". Gastrointest. Endosc. 63 (4): 558–65. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.005. PMID 16564852.
· ^ Olsson R, Danielsson A, Järnerot G, et al (1991). "Prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ulcerative colitis". Gastroenterology 100 (5 Pt 1): 1319–23. PMID 2013375.
· ^ S. Kane (2006). "Asacol - A Review Focusing on Ulcerative Colitis". http://www.touchalimentarydisease.com/articles.cfm?article_id=6364&level=2.
· ^ Bensoussan M, Jovenin N, Garcia B, et al (January 2006). "Complementary and alternative medicine use by patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a postal survey". Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 30 (1): 14–23. PMID 16514377. http://www.masson.fr/masson/MDOI-GCB-01-2006-30-1-0399-8320-101019-200517348.
· ^ Shah S (2007). "Dietary factors in the modulation of inflammatory bowel disease activity". MedGenMed 9 (1): 60. PMID 17435660. PMC: 1925010. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/553039.
· ^ Terry PD, Villinger F, Bubenik GA, Sitaraman SV (January 2009). "Melatonin and ulcerative colitis: evidence, biological mechanisms, and future research". Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15 (1): 134–40. doi:10.1002/ibd.20527. PMID 18626968.
· ^ Calkins BM (1989). "A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease". Dig. Dis. Sci. 34 (12): 1841–54. doi:10.1007/BF01536701. PMID 2598752.
· ^ Lakatos PL, Szamosi T, Lakatos L (2007). "Smoking in inflammatory bowel diseases: good, bad or ugly?". World J Gastroenterol. 13 (46): 6134–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.13.6134. PMID 18069751.
· ^ Akhtar MS, Munir M (1989). Evaluation of the gastric anti-ulcerogenic effects of Solanum nigrum, Brassica oleracea and Ocimum basilicum in rats.. 27. pp. 163–76. PMID 2515396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=((%22brassica%22%5BTIAB%5D+NOT+Medline%5BSB%5D)+OR+%22brassica%22%5BMeSH+Terms%5D+OR+cabbage%5BText+Word%5D)+AND+(%22ulcer%22%5BMeSH+Terms%5D+OR+ulcer%5BText+Word%5D). "Brassica oleracea (leaf) powder did not affect the ulcer index significantly but its aqueous extract lowered the index and increased hexosamine levels, suggesting gastric mucosal protection.".
· ^ "Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid". MedlinePlus Herbs and Supplements. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-fishoil.html.
· ^ Brzezinski A, Rankin G, Seidner D, Lashner B (1995). "Use of old and new oral 5-aminosalicylic acid formulations in inflammatory bowel disease.". Cleve Clin J Med 62 (5): 317–23. PMID 7586488.
· ^ Salim A (1992). "Role of sulphydryl-containing agents in the management of recurrent attacks of ulcerative colitis. A new approach.". Pharmacology 45 (6): 307–18. doi:10.1159/000139016. PMID 1362613.
· ^ Bibiloni R, Fedorak RN, Tannock GW, et al (2005). "VSL#3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100 (7): 1539–46. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41794.x. PMID 15984978. VSL#3 company site
· ^ Borody TJ, Warren EF, Leis SM, Surace R, Ashman O, Siarakas S (2004). "Bacteriotherapy using fecal flora: toying with human motions". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 38 (6): 475–83. doi:10.1097/01.mcg.0000128988.13808.dc. PMID 15220681. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0192-0790&volume=38&issue=6&spage=475. Fulltext(PDF)
· ^ Borody TJ, Warren EF, Leis S, Surace R, Ashman O (2003). "Treatment of ulcerative colitis using fecal bacteriotherapy". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 37 (1): 42–7. doi:10.1097/00004836-200307000-00012. PMID 12811208. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0192-0790&volume=37&issue=1&spage=42. Fulltext(PDF)
· ^ Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF, Thompson RA, Weinstock JV (2005). "Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial". Gastroenterology 128 (4): 825–32. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.005. PMID 15825065. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016508505000259.
· ^ "bloat". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. Bartleby.com. 2000. http://www.bartleby.com/61/80/B0328000.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-13.
· ^ a b Aronson, Lillian R.; Brockman, Daniel J., Brown, Dorothy Cimino (2000). "Gastrointestinal Emergencies". The Veterinary Clinics of North America 30: 558–569.
· ^ a b Beck J, Staatz A, Pelsue D, Kudnig S, MacPhail C, Seim H, Monnet E (2006). "Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003)". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 229 (12): 1934–9. doi:10.2460/javma.229.12.1934. PMID 17173533.
· ^ a b Parton A, Volk S, Weisse C (2006). "Gastric ulceration subsequent to partial invagination of the stomach in a dog with gastric dilatation-volvulus". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 228 (12): 1895–900. doi:10.2460/javma.228.12.1895. PMID 16784379.
· ^ Glickman L, Glickman N, Schellenberg D, Raghavan M, Lee T (2000). "Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 216 (1): 40–5. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.216.40. PMID 10638316.
· ^ Braun L, Lester S, Kuzma A, Hosie S (1996). "Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog with histological evidence of preexisting inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective study of 23 cases". Journal of the AmericanAnimalHospital Association 32 (4): 287–90. PMID 8784718.
· ^ Glickman L, Glickman N, Schellenberg D, Raghavan M, Lee T (2000). "Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217 (10): 1492–9. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.1492. PMID 11128539.
· ^ Glickman L, Glickman N, Schellenberg D, Simpson K, Lantz G (1997). "Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner/owner case-control study". Journal of the AmericanAnimalHospital Association 33 (3): 197–204. PMID 9138229.
· ^ Theyse L, van de Brom W, van Sluijs F (1998). "Small size of food particles and age as risk factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in great danes". Vet. Rec. 143 (2): 48–50. PMID 9699253.
· ^ Raghavan M, Glickman N, Glickman L (2006). "The effect of ingredients in dry dog foods on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs". Journal of the AmericanAnimalHospital Association 42 (1): 28–36. PMID 16397192.
· ^ Glickman L, Glickman N, Pérez C, Schellenberg D, Lantz G (1994). "Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 204 (9): 1465–71. PMID 8050972.
· ^ Ward M, Patronek G, Glickman L (2003). "Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus". Prev. Vet. Med. 60 (4): 319–29. doi:10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00142-9. PMID 12941556.
· ^ a b "Gastric Dilatation-volvulus". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/23305.htm. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
· ^ Bloat | DogTime - Warning signs to watch for
· ^ Bright, Ronald M. (2004). "Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus: Risk Factors and Some New Minimally Invasive Gastropexy Techniques". Proceedings of the 29th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2004&PID=8763&O=Generic. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
· ^ Brockman D, Washabau R, Drobatz K (1995). "Canine gastric dilatation/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992)". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 207 (4): 460–4. PMID 7591946.
· ^ a b Fossum, Theresa W. (2006). "Gastric Dilatation Volvulus: What's New?" (PDF). Proceedings of the 31st World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/wsava/2006/lecture25/Fossum4.pdf?LA=1. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
· ^ "Gastric Dilatation/Volvulus General Review". Small Animal Gastroenterology. University of PennsylvaniaSchool of Veterinary Medicine. 2002. http://caltest.vet.upenn.edu/sagastro/genrev/revgdv.htm#Possible%20Complications. Retrieved on 2006-12-05.
· ^ a b Rawlings C, Mahaffey M, Bement S, Canalis C (2002). "Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs susceptible to gastric dilatation". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 221 (11): 1576–81. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.221.1576. PMID 12479327.
· ^ Glickman L, Lantz G, Schellenberg D, Glickman N (1998). "A prospective study of survival and recurrence following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 136 dogs". Journal of the AmericanAnimalHospital Association 34 (3): 253–9. PMID 9590454.
· ^ Wingfield, Wayne E. (1997). Veterinary Emergency Medicine Secrets. Hanley & Belfus, Inc. ISBN 1-56053-215-7.
^ O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R (1993). "Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes". Lancet 342 (8866): 273–5. PMID 8101303. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-6736(93)91818-7.
Apley J, Naish N: Recurrent abdominal pains: A field survey of 1,000 school children. Arch Dis Child 1958;33:165 - 170.
Chronic Pelvic Pain and Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Female Adolescents
Boyle JT, Hamel-Lambert J: Biopsychosocial issues in functional abdominal pain. Pediatr Ann 2001;30:1.
[1] Stomach ache or abdominal pain can be misdiagnosed.Consult a Gastroenterologist rather than ER doctor if Pain persists more than a day.
^ Cartwright SL, Knudson MP. Evaluation of Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(7):971-978.
· ^ a b c d e f g h i j Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM (May 2008). "Stroke". Lancet 371 (9624): 1612–23. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60694-7. PMID 18468545.
· ^ Feigin VL (2005). "Stroke epidemiology in the developing world". Lancet 365 (9478): 2160–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66755-4. PMID 15978910.
· ^ Stroke Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
· ^ World Health Organisation (1978). Cerebrovascular Disorders (Offset Publications). Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241700432. OCLC 4757533.
· ^ Kidwell, C; Warach S (2003). "Acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome: diagnostic criteria". Stroke 34 (12): 2995–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000098902.69855.A9. PMID 14605325. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/34/12/2995.
· ^ Shuaib A, Hachinski VC (September 1991). "Mechanisms and management of stroke in the elderly". CMAJ 145 (5): 433–43. PMID 1878825.
· ^ a b Stam J (2005). "Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (17): 1791–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMra042354. PMID 15858188.
· ^ Guercini F, Acciarresi M, Agnelli G, Paciaroni M (April 2008). "Cryptogenic stroke: time to determine aetiology". J. Thromb. Haemost. 6 (4): 549–54. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02903.x. PMID 18208534.
· ^ Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C (June 1991). "Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction". Lancet 337 (8756): 1521–6. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93206-O. PMID 1675378. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-6736(91)93206-O. Later publications distinguish between "syndrome" and "infarct", based on evidence from imaging. "Syndrome" may be replaced by "hemorrhage" if imaging demonstrates a bleed. See InternetStrokeCenter. "Oxford Stroke Scale". http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/scales/oxford.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
· ^ Bamford JM (2000). "The role of the clinical examination in the subclassification of stroke". Cerebrovasc. Dis. 10 Suppl 4: 2–4. doi:10.1159/000047582. PMID 11070389.
· ^ Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al (January 1993). "Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment" (PDF). Stroke 24 (1): 35–41. PMID 7678184. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/24/1/35.
· ^ Goldstein L, Simel D (2005). "Is this patient having a stroke?". JAMA 293 (19): 2391–402. doi:10.1001/jama.296.16.2012. PMID 15900010. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/16/2012.
· ^ Harbison J, Massey A, Barnett L, Hodge D, FordGA (June 1999). "Rapid ambulance protocol for acute stroke". Lancet 353 (9168): 1935. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00966-6. PMID 10371574.
· ^ Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Schubert GB, Eckstein M, Starkman S (1998). "Design and retrospective analysis of the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS)". Prehosp Emerg Care 2 (4): 267–73. PMID 9799012.
· ^ Kothari RU, Pancioli A, Liu T, Brott T, Broderick J (April 1999). "CincinnatiPrehospital Stroke Scale: reproducibility and validity". Ann Emerg Med 33 (4): 373–8. PMID 10092713.
· ^ a b National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 68: Stroke. London, 2008.
· ^ Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B, et al (November 2005). "The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument". Lancet Neurol 4 (11): 727–34. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70201-5. PMID 16239179.
· ^ a b c d e f g h i National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (1999). "Stroke: Hope Through Research". National Institutes of Health. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/detail_stroke.htm.
· ^ Ay H; Furie KL; Singhal A; Smith WS; Sorensen AG; Koroshetz WJ (2005). "An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke". Ann Neurol 58 (5): 688–97. doi:10.1002/ana.20617. PMID 16240340.
· ^ Hill M (2005). "Diagnostic Biomarkers for Stroke: A Stroke Neurologist's Perspective". Clin Chem 51 (11): 2001–2002. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.056382. PMID 16244286.
· ^ Chalela, J; Kidwell C, Nentwich L et al. (2007). "Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison". Lancet 369 (9558): 293–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60151-2. PMID 17258669. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17258669. Retrieved on 2008-01-22.
· ^ Kidwell, C; Chalela J, Saver J et al. (2004). "Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage". JAMA 292 (15): 1823–30. doi:10.1001/jama.292.15.1823. PMID 15494579. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/15/1823. Retrieved on 2008-01-22.
· ^ a b Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA (2002). "New evidence for stroke prevention: scientific review". JAMA 288 (11): 1388–95. doi:10.1001/jama.288.11.1388. PMID 12234233.
· ^ Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, et al (2006). "Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline". Stroke 37 (6): 1583–633. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1. PMID 16675728.
· ^ a b "Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients". BMJ 324 (7329): 71–86. 2002. PMID 11786451.
· ^ Hankey GJ (August 1999). "Smoking and risk of stroke". J Cardiovasc Risk 6 (4): 207–11. PMID 10501270.
· ^ Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Walker M (1995). "Smoking cessation and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men". JAMA 274 (2): 155–60. doi:10.1001/jama.274.2.155. PMID 7596004.
· ^ Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, et al (2003). "Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis". JAMA 289 (5): 579–88. doi:10.1001/jama.289.5.579. PMID 12578491.
· ^ Sloan MA, Kittner SJ, Rigamonti D, Price TR (1991). "Occurrence of stroke associated with use/abuse of drugs". Neurology 41 (9): 1358–64. PMID 1891081.
· ^ American Heart Association. (2007). Stroke Risk Factors Americanheart.org. Retrieved on January 22, 2007.
· ^ Gorelick PB (1987). "Alcohol and stroke". Stroke 18 (1): 268–71. PMID 3810763.
· ^ Westover AN, McBride S, Haley RW (2007). "Stroke in young adults who abuse amphetamines or cocaine: a population-based study of hospitalized patients". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64 (4): 495–502. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.495. PMID 17404126.
· ^ Cantu C, Arauz A, Murillo-Bonilla LM, López M, Barinagarrementeria F (2003). "Stroke associated with sympathomimetics contained in over-the-counter cough and cold drugs". Stroke 34 (7): 1667–72. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000075293.45936.FA. PMID 12791938.
· ^ Ezekowitz JA, Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA (2003). "Stroke: strategies for primary prevention". Am Fam Physician 68 (12): 2379–86. PMID 14705756.
· ^ a b c d Ederle J, Brown MM (2006). "The evidence for medicine versus surgery for carotid stenosis". Eur J Radiol 60 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.05.021. PMID 16920313.
· ^ Whisnant JP (1996). "Effectiveness versus efficacy of treatment of hypertension for stroke prevention". Neurology 46 (2): 301–7. PMID 8614485.
· ^ Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al (1990). "Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context". Lancet 335 (8693): 827–38. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-Z. PMID 1969567.
· ^ Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, et al (2003). "Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis". JAMA 289 (19): 2534–44. doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2534. PMID 12759325.
· ^ a b "Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke: 13,000 strokes in 450,000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Prospective studies collaboration". Lancet 346 (8991-8992): 1647–53. 1995. PMID 8551820.
· ^ Gueyffier F, Boissel JP, Boutitie F, et al (1997). "Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke. Gathering the evidence. The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators". Stroke 28 (12): 2557–62. PMID 9412649.
· ^ Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel JP, et al (1999). "Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. INDANA Group". Lancet 353 (9155): 793–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08127-6. PMID 10459960.
· ^ Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG, et al (2000). "Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials". Lancet 355 (9207): 865–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07330-4. PMID 10752701.
· ^ BeckettNS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al (2008). "Treatment of Hypertension in Patients 80 Years of Age or Older". N. Engl. J. Med. 358: 1887. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0801369. PMID 18378519.
· ^ a b Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N (2000). "Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration". Lancet 356 (9246): 1955–64. PMID 11130523.
· ^ "Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)". JAMA 288 (23): 2981–97. 2002. PMID 12479763.
· ^ Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB (1987). "Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham Study". Arch. Intern. Med. 147 (9): 1561–4. doi:10.1001/archinte.147.9.1561. PMID 3632164.
· ^ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al (2006). "ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation 114 (7): e257–354. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292. PMID 16908781.
· ^ Iso H, Jacobs DR, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD (1989). "Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial". N. Engl. J. Med. 320 (14): 904–10. PMID 2619783.
· ^ a b O'Regan C, Wu P, Arora P, Perri D, Mills EJ (2008). "Statin therapy in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis involving 121,000 patients". Am. J. Med. 121 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.06.033. PMID 18187070.
· ^ Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH (1995). "An overview of trials of cholesterol lowering and risk of stroke". Arch. Intern. Med. 155 (1): 50–5. doi:10.1001/archinte.155.1.50. PMID 7802520.
· ^ "Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group". Lancet 352 (9131): 837–53. 1998. PMID 9742976.
· ^ Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al (2005). "Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet 366 (9493): 1279–89. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67528-9. PMID 16214598.
· ^ Johnson ES, Lanes SF, Wentworth CE, Satterfield MH, Abebe BL, Dicker LW (1999). "A metaregression analysis of the dose-response effect of aspirin on stroke". Arch. Intern. Med. 159 (11): 1248–53. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.11.1248. PMID 10371234.
· ^ a b Hankey GJ, Sudlow CL, Dunbabin DW (2000). "Thienopyridine derivatives (ticlopidine, clopidogrel) versus aspirin for preventing stroke and other serious vascular events in high vascular risk patients". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD001246. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001246. PMID 10796426.
· ^ Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ, Algra A (2006). "Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial". Lancet 367 (9523): 1665–73. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68734-5. PMID 16714187.
· ^ Algra A (2007). "Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet Neurol 6 (2): 115–24. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70685-8. PMID 17239798.
· ^ Hart RG, Halperin JL, McBride R, Benavente O, Man-Son-Hing M, Kronmal RA (2000). "Aspirin for the primary prevention of stroke and other major vascular events: meta-analysis and hypotheses". Arch. Neurol. 57 (3): 326–32. doi:10.1001/archneur.57.3.326. PMID 10714657.
· ^ Bartolucci AA, Howard G (2006). "Meta-analysis of data from the six primary prevention trials of cardiovascular events using aspirin". Am. J. Cardiol. 98 (6): 746–50. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.04.012. PMID 16950176.
· ^ Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F, Pangrazzi I, Tognoni G, Brown DL (2006). "Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". JAMA 295 (3): 306–13. doi:10.1001/jama.295.3.306. PMID 16418466.
· ^ Yerman T, Gan WQ, Sin DD (2007). "The influence of gender on the effects of aspirin in preventing myocardial infarction". BMC Med 5: 29. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-5-29. PMID 17949479.
· ^ Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, et al (2003). "Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis". Lancet 361 (9352): 107–16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12228-3. PMID 12531577.
· ^ Ringleb PA, Chatellier G, Hacke W, et al (2008). "Safety of endovascular treatment of carotid artery stenosis compared with surgical treatment: a meta-analysis". J. Vasc. Surg. 47 (2): 350–5. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.10.035. PMID 18241759.
· ^ Ederle J, Featherstone RL, Brown MM (2007). "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for carotid artery stenosis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD000515. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000515.pub3. PMID 17943745.
· ^ Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ (2004). "Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery". Lancet 363 (9413): 915–24. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15785-1. PMID 15043958.
· ^ Fairhead JF, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM (2005). "Population-based study of delays in carotid imaging and surgery and the risk of recurrent stroke". Neurology 65 (3): 371–5. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000170368.82460.b4. PMID 16087900.
· ^ "Screening for carotid artery stenosis: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement". Ann. Intern. Med. 147 (12): 854–9. 2007. PMID 18087056.
· ^ Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, et al (2004). "Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial". Lancet 363 (9420): 1491–502. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16146-1. PMID 15135594.
· ^ Chambers BR, Donnan GA (2005). "Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD001923. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001923.pub2. PMID 16235289.
· ^ Spence JD (September 2006). "Nutrition and stroke prevention". Stroke 37 (9): 2430–5. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000236633.40160.ee. PMID 16873712. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/9/2430.
· ^ Wang X, Qin X, Demirtas H, et al (2007). "Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis". Lancet 369 (9576): 1876–82. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60854-X. PMID 17544768.
· ^ Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, et al (2006). "Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (15): 1567–77. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa060900. PMID 16531613.
· ^ Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, et al (2004). "Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial". JAMA 291 (5): 565–75. doi:10.1001/jama.291.5.565. PMID 14762035.
· ^ Saver JL (2006). "Time is brain - quantified". Stroke 37 (37): 263-6. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/01.STR.0000196957.55928.abv1.
· ^ The National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke Rt-Pa Stroke Study Group, (1995). "Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group". New England Journal of Medicine 333 (24): 1581–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199512143332401. PMID 7477192. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/24/1581.
· ^ The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS), (2008). "Thrombolysis with Alteplase 3 to 4.5 Hours after Acute Ischemic Stroke". New England Journal of Medicine 359 (13): 1317–1329. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/359/13/1317.
· ^ Dubinsky, R; Lai SM (2006). "Mortality of stroke patients treated with thrombolysis: analysis of nationwide inpatient sample". Neurology 66 (11): 1742–1744. PMID 16769953.
· ^ "Position Statement on the Use of Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy in the Treatment of Stroke". American Academy of Emergency Medicine. http://www.aaem.org/positionstatements/thrombolytictherapy.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
· ^ Flint AC, Duckwiler GR, Budzik RF, Liebeskind DS, Smith WS (2007). "Mechanical thrombectomy of intracranial internal carotid occlusion: pooled results of the MERCI and Multi MERCI Part I trials". Stroke 38 (4): 1274–80. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000260187.33864.a7. PMID 17332445.
· ^ Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S, et al (2005). "Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial". Stroke 36 (7): 1432–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000171066.25248.1d. PMID 15961709. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/36/7/1432.
· ^ Lutsep HL, Rymer MM, Nesbit GM (2008). "Vertebrobasilar revascularization rates and outcomes in the MERCI and multi-MERCI trials". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 17 (2): 55–7. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2007.11.003. PMID 18346645.
· ^ Smith WS (2006). "Safety of mechanical thrombectomy and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Results of the multi Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trial, part I". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (6): 1177–82. PMID 16775259. http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/27/6/1177.
· ^ Smith WS, Sung G, Saver J, et al (2008). "Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI trial". Stroke 39 (4): 1205–12. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.497115. PMID 18309168.
· ^ Derdeyn CP, Chimowitz MI (August 2007). "Angioplasty and stenting for atherosclerotic intracranial stenosis: rationale for a randomized clinical trial". Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 17 (3): 355–63, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2007.05.001.
· ^ den Hertog HM, van der Worp HB, van Gemert HMA, et al. (2009). "The Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) In Stroke (PAIS) trial: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase III trial". Lancet Neurol. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70051-1.
· ^ Krieger DW, De Georgia MA, Abou-Chebl A, et al (August 2001). "Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage (cool aid): an open pilot study of induced hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke". Stroke 32 (8): 1847–54. PMID 11486115. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/32/8/1847.
· ^ Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M, Keller E, Bertram M, Hacke W (December 1998). "Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction". Stroke 29 (12): 2461–6. PMID 9836751. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9836751.
· ^ Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI (2007). "Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation". Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (12): 857–67. PMID 17577005.
· ^ Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Micheli S, Caso V (2007). "Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant treatment in acute cardioembolic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Stroke 38 (2): 423–30. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000254600.92975.1f. PMID 17204681. ACP JC synopsis
· ^ a b Coffey C. Edward, Cummings Jeffrey L, Starkstein Sergio, Robinson Robert (2000). Stroke - the American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (Second Edition ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. pp. 601–617.
· ^ Stanford Hospital & Clinics. "Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects of Stroke". http://www.stanfordhospital.com/healthLib/atoz/cardiac/effects.html. Retrieved on 2005.
· ^ a b Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla (1994). Living with Stroke: A Guide for Families. Contemporary Books, Chicago. ISBN 0809226073. OCLC 40856888 42835161.
· ^ a b Villarosa, Linda, Ed., Singleton, LaFayette, MD, Johnson, Kirk A. (1993). Black Health Library Guide to Stroke. Henry Holt and Company, New York.
· ^ Reith J, Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS (August 1997). "Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study". Stroke 28 (8): 1585–9. PMID 9259753. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9259753.
· ^ Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C (December 1997). "Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project". BMJ 315 (7122): 1582–7. PMID 9437276. PMC: 2127973. http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9437276.
· ^ Murray CJ, Lopez AD (1997). "Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study". Lancet 349 (9061): 1269–76. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07493-4. PMID 9142060.
· ^ (PDF) The World health report 2004. Annex Table 2: Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, estimates for 2002.. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004. http://www.who.int/entity/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.
· ^ Ellekjær, H; Holmen J, Indredavik B, Terent A (1997). "Epidemiology of Stroke in Innherred, Norway, 1994 to 1996 : Incidence and 30-Day Case-Fatality Rate". Stroke 28: 2180–2184. PMID 9368561. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/strokeaha%3B28/11/2180. Retrieved on 2008-01-22.
· ^ Bongers T, de Maat M, van Goor M et al. (2006). "High von Willebrand factor levels increase the risk of first ischemic stroke: influence of ADAMTS13, inflammation, and genetic variability". Stroke 37 (11): 2672–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000244767.39962.f7. PMID 16990571.
· ^ a b Thompson JE (1996). "The evolution of surgery for the treatment and prevention of stroke. The Willis Lecture". Stroke 27 (8): 1427–34. PMID 8711815. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/8/1427.
· ^ Kopito, Jeff (September 2001). "A Stroke in Time". MERGINET.com 6 (Number 9). http://www.webasx.com/articles/strokeintime.html.
· ^ R. Barnhart, ed. The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology (1995)
· ^ Schiller F (April 1970). "Concepts of stroke before and after Virchow". Med Hist 14 (2): 115–31. PMID 4914683.