References - Oncology

 

  ^ Esophageal cancer at Mount Sinai Hospital

·  ^ a b c d e Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ (2003). "Esophageal cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (23): 2241–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMra035010. PMID 14657432. 

·  ^ a b Lagergren J, Bergström R, Lindgren A, Nyrén O (1999). "Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (11): 825–31. doi:10.1056/NEJM199903183401101. PMID 10080844. 

·  ^ Syrjänen KJ (2002). "HPV infections and oesophageal cancer". J. Clin. Pathol. 55 (10): 721–8. doi:10.1136/jcp.55.10.721. PMID 12354793. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/55/10/721.  Full text at PMC: 1769774

·  ^ Green PH, Fleischauer AT, Bhagat G, Goyal R, Jabri B, Neugut AI (2003). "Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease". Am. J. Med. 115 (3): 191–5. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00302-4. PMID 12935825. 

·  ^ Merry AH, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA (2007). "Body Mass Index, height and risk of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia: a prospective cohort study". Gut 56: 1503. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.116665. PMID 17337464. 

·  ^ Layke JC, Lopez PP (2006). "Esophageal cancer: a review and update". American family physician 73 (12): 2187–94. PMID 16836035. 

·  ^ Brooks PJ, Enoch MA, Goldman D, Li TK, Yokoyama A (2009). "The alcohol flushing response: An unrecognized risk factor for esophageal cancer from alcohol consumption". PLOS Medicine 6 (3): 191–5. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000050. 

·  ^ Corley DA, Kerlikowske K, Verma R, Buffler P. Protective association of aspirin/NSAIDs and esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2003;124:47-56. PMID 12512029. See also NCI - "Esophageal Cancer (PDQ): Prevention".

·  ^ Wong A, Fitzgerald RC (2005). "Epidemiologic risk factors for Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00602-0. PMID 15645398. 

·  ^ Ye W, Held M, Lagergren J, et al (2004). "Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: risk of adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96 (5): 388–96. doi:10.1093/jnci/djh057. PMID 14996860. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/5/388. 

·  ^ Nakajima S, Hattori T (2004). "Oesophageal adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer with or without eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic atrophic gastritis patients: a hypothetical opinion from a systematic review". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 20 Suppl 1: 54–61. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01975.x. PMID 15298606. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01975.x. 

·  ^ NCI Prevention: Dietary Factors, based on Chainani-Wu N. Diet and oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer 2002;44:104-26. PMID 12734057.

·  ^ Tavani, A; Bertuzzi M, Talamini R, Gallus S, Parpinel M, Franceschi S, Levi F, La Vecchia C. (10 2003). "Coffee and tea intake and risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer". Oral Oncol. 39 (7): 695–700. doi:10.1016/S1368-8375(03)00081-2. PMID 12907209. 

·  ^ Gallus S, Bosetti C, Negri E, Talamini R, Montella M, Conti E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Does pizza protect against cancer? Int J Cancer 2003;107:283-4. PMID 12949808. Cited and qtd. by WebMD and BBC News.

·  ^ Deschamps C, Nichols FC, CassiviSD, et al. (2005). "Long-term function and quality of life after esophageal resection for cancer and Barrett's". Surgical Clinics of North America 85 (3): 649–656. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2005.01.018. PMID 15927658. 

·  ^ Ross P, Nicolson M, Cunningham D, Valle J, Seymour M, Harper P, Price T, Anderson H, Iveson T, Hickish T, Lofts F, Norman A. Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) with epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1996-2004. PMID 11956258.

·  ^ Stewart BW, Kleihues P (editors). World cancer report. Lyon: IARC, 2003. ISBN 92-832-0411-5.

·  ^ "What Are the Key Statistics About Cancer of the Esophagus?". Detailed Guide: Esophagus Cancer. American Cancer Society. August 2006. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_are_the_key_statistics_for_esophagus_cancer_12.asp?sitearea=cri. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. 

·  ^ "Incidence and Mortality Rate Trends" (PDF). A Snapshot of Esophageal Cancer. National Cancer Institute. September 2006. http://planning.cancer.gov/disease/Esophageal-Snapshot.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. 

·  ^ Kenneth J. Vega, M.D., M. Mazen JamaM.D.l (September 2000). "Changing pattern of esophageal cancer incidence in New Mexico". Changing pattern of esophageal cancer incidence in New Mexico. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02329.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ajg. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.

·  ^ a b Landis S, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo P (1998). "Cancer statistics, 1998". CA Cancer J Clin 48 (1): 6–29. doi:10.3322/canjclin.48.1.6. PMID 9449931. 

·  ^ Patel T (2002). "Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies". BMC Cancer 2: 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-2-10. PMID 11991810. 

·  ^ Nagorney D, Donohue J, Farnell M, Schleck C, Ilstrup D (1993). "Outcomes after curative resections of cholangiocarcinoma". Arch Surg 128 (8): 871–7; discussion 877–9. PMID 8393652. 

·  ^ Bile duct cancer: cause and treatment

·  ^ a b Nakeeb A, Pitt H, Sohn T, Coleman J, Abrams R, Piantadosi S, Hruban R, Lillemoe K, Yeo C, Cameron J (1996). "Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors". Ann Surg 224 (4): 463–73; discussion 473–5. doi:10.1097/00000658-199610000-00005. PMID 8857851. 

·  ^ a b c d Mark Feldman, Lawrence S. Friedman, Lawrence J. Brandt, ed (July 21, 2006). Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease (8th ed.). Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier. pp. 1493–1496. ISBN 978-1416002451. 

·  ^ Introduction

·  ^ [ http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005/results_single/sect_01_table.01.pdf]

·  ^ Khan S, Taylor-Robinson S, Toledano M, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas H (2002). "Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours". J Hepatol 37 (6): 806–13. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00297-0. PMID 12445422. 

·  ^ Vauthey J, Blumgart L (1994). "Recent advances in the management of cholangiocarcinomas". Semin Liver Dis 14 (2): 109–14. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1007302. PMID 8047893. 

·  ^ Cancer Statistics Home Page - National Cancer Institute

·  ^ a b Henson D, Albores-Saavedra J, Corle D (1992). "Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Histologic types, stage of disease, grade, and survival rates". Cancer 70 (6): 1498–501. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19920915)70:6<1498::AID-CNCR2820700609>3.0.CO;2-C. PMID 1516001. 

·  ^ a b c Rosen C, Nagorney D, Wiesner R, Coffey R, LaRusso N (1991). "Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis". Ann Surg 213 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1097/00000658-199101000-00004. PMID 1845927. 

·  ^ Multiple independent studies have documented a steady increase in the worldwide incidence of cholangiocarcinoma. Some relevant journal articles include:

Patel T (2002). "Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies". BMC Cancer 2: 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-2-10. PMID 11991810. 
Patel T (2001). "Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States". Hepatology 33 (6): 1353–7. doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.25087. PMID 11391522. 
Shaib Y, Davila J, McGlynn K, El-Serag H (2004). "Rising incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a true increase?". J Hepatol 40 (3): 472–7. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2003.11.030. PMID 15123362. 
West J, Wood H, Logan R, Quinn M, Aithal G (2006). "Trends in the incidence of primary liver and biliary tract cancers in England and Wales 1971–2001". Br J Cancer 94 (11): 1751–8. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603127. PMID 16736026. 
Khan S, Taylor-Robinson S, Toledano M, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas H (2002). "Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours". J Hepatol 37 (6): 806–13. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00297-0. PMID 12445422. 
Welzel T, McGlynn K, Hsing A, O'Brien T, Pfeiffer R (2006). "Impact of classification of hilar cholangiocarcinomas (Klatskin tumors) on the incidence of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States". J Natl Cancer Inst 98 (12): 873–5. PMID 16788161. 
·  ^ a b c Shaib Y, El-Serag H, Davila J, Morgan R, McGlynn K (2005). "Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study". Gastroenterology 128 (3): 620–6. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.12.048. PMID 15765398. 

·  ^ Chapman R. "Risk factors for biliary tract carcinogenesis". Ann Oncol 10 Suppl 4: 308–11. PMID 10436847. 

·  ^ Epidemiologic studies which have addressed the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in people with primary sclerosing cholangitis include the following:

Bergquist A, Ekbom A, Olsson R, Kornfeldt D, Lööf L, Danielsson A, Hultcrantz R, Lindgren S, Prytz H, Sandberg-Gertzén H, Almer S, Granath F, Broomé U (2002). "Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis". J Hepatol 36 (3): 321–7. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00288-4. PMID 11867174. 
Bergquist A, Glaumann H, Persson B, Broomé U (1998). "Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case-control study". Hepatology 27 (2): 311–6. doi:10.1002/hep.510270201. PMID 9462625. 
Burak K, Angulo P, Pasha T, Egan K, Petz J, Lindor K (2004). "Incidence and risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis". Am J Gastroenterol 99 (3): 523–6. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04067.x. PMID 15056096. 
·  ^ Watanapa P (1996). "Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with opisthorchiasis". Br J Surg 83 (8): 1062–64. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800830809. PMID 8869303. 

·  ^ Watanapa P, Watanapa W (2002). "Liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma". Br J Surg 89 (8): 962–70. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02143.x. PMID 12153620. 

·  ^ Shin H, Lee C, Park H, Seol S, Chung J, Choi H, Ahn Y, Shigemastu T (1996). "Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea". Int J Epidemiol 25 (5): 933–40. doi:10.1093/ije/25.5.933. PMID 8921477. 

·  ^ Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Suzuki F, Tsubota A, Suzuki Y, Arase Y, Murashima N, Chayama K, Kumada H (2000). "Incidence of primary cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis". Cancer 88 (11): 2471–7. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20000601)88:11<2471::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-T. PMID 10861422. 

·  ^ Yamamoto S, Kubo S, Hai S, Uenishi T, Yamamoto T, Shuto T, Takemura S, Tanaka H, Yamazaki O, Hirohashi K, Tanaka T (2004). "Hepatitis C virus infection as a likely etiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma". Cancer Sci 95 (7): 592–5. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02492.x. PMID 15245596. 

·  ^ Lu H, Ye M, Thung S, Dash S, Gerber M (2000). "Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in cholangiocarcinomas in Chinese and American patients". Chin Med J (Engl) 113 (12): 1138–41. PMID 11776153. 

·  ^ Sorensen H, Friis S, Olsen J, Thulstrup A, Mellemkjaer L, Linet M, Trichopoulos D, Vilstrup H, Olsen J (1998). "Risk of liver and other types of cancer in patients with cirrhosis: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark". Hepatology 28 (4): 921–5. doi:10.1002/hep.510280404. PMID 9755226. 

·  ^ Lipsett P, Pitt H, Colombani P, Boitnott J, Cameron J (1994). "Choledochal cyst disease. A changing pattern of presentation". Ann Surg 220 (5): 644–52. doi:10.1097/00000658-199411000-00007. PMID 7979612. 

·  ^ Dayton M, Longmire W, Tompkins R (1983). "Caroli's Disease: a premalignant condition?". Am J Surg 145 (1): 41–8. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(83)90164-2. PMID 6295196. 

·  ^ Mecklin J, Järvinen H, Virolainen M (1992). "The association between cholangiocarcinoma and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma". Cancer 69 (5): 1112–4. PMID 1310886. 

·  ^ Lee S, Kim M, Lee S, Jang S, Song M, Kim K, Kim H, Seo D, Song D, Yu E, Lee S, Min Y (2004). "Clinicopathologic review of 58 patients with biliary papillomatosis". Cancer 100 (4): 783–93. doi:10.1002/cncr.20031. PMID 14770435. 

·  ^ Lee C, Wu C, Chen G (2002). "What is the impact of coexistence of hepatolithiasis on cholangiocarcinoma?". J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 (9): 1015–20. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02779.x. PMID 12167124. 

·  ^ Su C, Shyr Y, Lui W, P'Eng F (1997). "Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma". Br J Surg 84 (7): 969–73. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800840717. PMID 9240138. 

·  ^ Donato F, Gelatti U, Tagger A, Favret M, Ribero M, Callea F, Martelli C, Savio A, Trevisi P, Nardi G (2001). "Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis C and B virus infection, alcohol intake, and hepatolithiasis: a case-control study in Italy". Cancer Causes Control 12 (10): 959–64. doi:10.1023/A:1013747228572. PMID 11808716. 

·  ^ Sahani D, Prasad S, Tannabe K, Hahn P, Mueller P, Saini S (2003). "Thorotrast-induced cholangiocarcinoma: case report". Abdom Imaging 28 (1): 72–4. doi:10.1007/s00261-001-0148-y. PMID 12483389. 

·  ^ Zhu A, Lauwers G, Tanabe K (2004). "Cholangiocarcinoma in association with Thorotrast exposure". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 11 (6): 430–3. doi:10.1007/s00534-004-0924-5. PMID 15619021. 

·  ^ KLATSKIN G (1965). "Adenocarcinoma Of The Hepatic Duct At Its Bifurcation Within The Porta Hepatis. An Unusual Tumor With Distinctive Clinical And Pathological Features". Am J Med 38: 241–56. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(65)90178-6. PMID 14256720. 

·  ^ Roskams T (2006). "Liver stem cells and their implication in hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma". Oncogene 25 (27): 3818–22. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209558. PMID 16799623. 

·  ^ Liu C, Wang J, Ou Q (2004). "Possible stem cell origin of human cholangiocarcinoma". World J Gastroenterol 10 (22): 3374–6. PMID 15484322. 

·  ^ Sell S, Dunsford H (1989). "Evidence for the stem cell origin of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma". Am J Pathol 134 (6): 1347–63. PMID 2474256. 

·  ^ a b Sirica A (2005). "Cholangiocarcinoma: molecular targeting strategies for chemoprevention and therapy". Hepatology 41 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1002/hep.20537. PMID 15690474. 

·  ^ Holzinger F, Z'graggen K, Büchler M. "Mechanisms of biliary carcinogenesis: a pathogenetic multi-stage cascade towards cholangiocarcinoma". Ann Oncol 10 Suppl 4: 122–6. PMID 10436802. 

·  ^ Gores G (2003). "Cholangiocarcinoma: current concepts and insights". Hepatology 37 (5): 961–9. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50200. PMID 12717374. 

·  ^ de Groen P, Gores G, LaRusso N, Gunderson L, Nagorney D (1999). "Biliary tract cancers". N Engl J Med 341 (18): 1368–78. doi:10.1056/NEJM199910283411807. PMID 10536130. 

·  ^ Studies of the performance of serum markers for cholangiocarcinoma (such as carcinoembryonic antigen and CA19-9) in patients with and without primary sclerosing cholangitis include the following:

Nehls O, Gregor M, Klump B (2004). "Serum and bile markers for cholangiocarcinoma". Semin Liver Dis 24 (2): 139–54. doi:10.1055/s-2004-828891. PMID 15192787. 
Siqueira E, Schoen R, Silverman W, Martin J, Rabinovitz M, Weissfeld J, Abu-Elmaagd K, Madariaga J, Slivka A, Martini J (2002). "Detecting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis". Gastrointest Endosc 56 (1): 40–7. doi:10.1067/mge.2002.125105. PMID 12085033. 
Levy C, Lymp J, Angulo P, Gores G, Larusso N, Lindor K (2005). "The value of serum CA 19-9 in predicting cholangiocarcinomas in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis". Dig Dis Sci 50 (9): 1734–40. doi:10.1007/s10620-005-2927-8. PMID 16133981. 
Patel A, Harnois D, Klee G, LaRusso N, Gores G (2000). "The utility of CA 19-9 in the diagnoses of cholangiocarcinoma in patients without primary sclerosing cholangitis". Am J Gastroenterol 95 (1): 204–7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01685.x. PMID 10638584. 
·  ^ Saini S (1997). "Imaging of the hepatobiliary tract". N Engl J Med 336 (26): 1889–94. doi:10.1056/NEJM199706263362607. PMID 9197218. 

·  ^ Sharma M, Ahuja V. "Aetiological spectrum of obstructive jaundice and diagnostic ability of ultrasonography: a clinician's perspective". Trop Gastroenterol 20 (4): 167–9. PMID 10769604. 

·  ^ Bloom C, Langer B, Wilson S. "Role of US in the detection, characterization, and staging of cholangiocarcinoma". Radiographics 19 (5): 1199–218. PMID 10489176. 

·  ^ Valls C, Gumà A, Puig I, Sanchez A, Andía E, Serrano T, Figueras J (2000). "Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: CT evaluation". Abdom Imaging 25 (5): 490–6. doi:10.1007/s002610000079. PMID 10931983. 

·  ^ Tillich M, Mischinger H, Preisegger K, Rabl H, Szolar D (1998). "Multiphasic helical CT in diagnosis and staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma". AJR Am J Roentgenol 171 (3): 651–8. PMID 9725291. 

·  ^ Zhang Y, Uchida M, Abe T, Nishimura H, Hayabuchi N, Nakashima Y (1999). "Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: comparison of dynamic CT and dynamic MRI". J Comput Assist Tomogr 23 (5): 670–7. doi:10.1097/00004728-199909000-00004. PMID 10524843. 

·  ^ Sugiyama M, Hagi H, Atomi Y, Saito M (1997). "Diagnosis of portal venous invasion by pancreatobiliary carcinoma: value of endoscopic ultrasonography". Abdom Imaging 22 (4): 434–8. doi:10.1007/s002619900227. PMID 9157867. 

·  ^ Schwartz L, Coakley F, Sun Y, Blumgart L, Fong Y, Panicek D (1998). "Neoplastic pancreaticobiliary duct obstruction: evaluation with breath-hold MR cholangiopancreatography". AJR Am J Roentgenol 170 (6): 1491–5. PMID 9609160. 

·  ^ Zidi S, Prat F, Le Guen O, Rondeau Y, Pelletier G (2000). "Performance characteristics of magnetic resonance cholangiography in the staging of malignant hilar strictures". Gut 46 (1): 103–6. doi:10.1136/gut.46.1.103. PMID 10601064. 

·  ^ Lee M, Park K, Shin Y, Yoon H, Sung K, Kim M, Lee S, Kang E (2003). "Preoperative evaluation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with contrast-enhanced three-dimensional fast imaging with steady-state precession magnetic resonance angiography: comparison with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography". World J Surg 27 (3): 278–83. doi:10.1007/s00268-002-6701-1. PMID 12607051. 

·  ^ Yeh T, Jan Y, Tseng J, Chiu C, Chen T, Hwang T, Chen M (2000). "Malignant perihilar biliary obstruction: magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatographic findings". Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2): 432–40. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01763.x. PMID 10685746. 

·  ^ Freeman M, Sielaff T (2003). "A modern approach to malignant hilar biliary obstruction". Rev Gastroenterol Disord 3 (4): 187–201. PMID 14668691. 

·  ^ Szklaruk J, Tamm E, Charnsangavej C (2002). "Preoperative imaging of biliary tract cancers". Surg Oncol Clin N Am 11 (4): 865–76. doi:10.1016/S1055-3207(02)00032-7. PMID 12607576. 

·  ^ Weber S, DeMatteo R, Fong Y, Blumgart L, Jarnagin W (2002). "Staging laparoscopy in patients with extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. Analysis of 100 patients". Ann Surg 235 (3): 392–9. doi:10.1097/00000658-200203000-00011. PMID 11882761. 

·  ^ Callery M, Strasberg S, Doherty G, Soper N, Norton J (1997). "Staging laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasonography: optimizing resectability in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancy". J Am Coll Surg 185 (1): 33–9. PMID 9208958. 

·  ^ Länger F, von Wasielewski R, Kreipe HH (2006). "[The importance of immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinomas]" (in German). Pathologe 27 (4): 244–50. doi:10.1007/s00292-006-0836-z. PMID 16758167. 

·  ^ Darwin PE, Kennedy A. Cholangiocarcinoma. eMedicine.com. URL: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic343.htm. Accessed on: May 5, 2007.

·  ^ Zervos E, Osborne D, Goldin S, Villadolid D, Thometz D, Durkin A, Carey L, Rosemurgy A (2005). "Stage does not predict survival after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinomas promoting an aggressive operative approach". Am J Surg 190 (5): 810–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.07.025. PMID 16226963. 

·  ^ Tsao J, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Hayakawa N, Kondo S, Nagino M, Miyachi M, Kanai M, Uesaka K, Oda K, Rossi R, Braasch J, Dugan J (2000). "Management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: comparison of an American and a Japanese experience". Ann Surg 232 (2): 166–74. doi:10.1097/00000658-200008000-00003. PMID 10903592. 

·  ^ Rajagopalan V, Daines W, Grossbard M, Kozuch P (2004). "Gallbladder and biliary tract carcinoma: A comprehensive update, Part 1". Oncology (WillistonPark) 18 (7): 889–96. PMID 15255172. 

·  ^ Yamamoto M, Takasaki K, Yoshikawa T (1999). ""Lymph Node Metastasis in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma". Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 29 (3): 147–150. doi:10.1093/jjco/29.3.147. PMID 10225697. 

·  ^ Farley D, Weaver A, Nagorney D (1995). ""Natural history" of unresected cholangiocarcinoma: patient outcome after noncurative intervention". Mayo Clin Proc 70 (5): 425–9. doi:10.4065/70.5.425. PMID 7537346. 

·  ^ Grove MK, Hermann RE, Vogt DP, Broughan TA (1991). ""Role of radiation after operative palliation in cancer of the proximal bile ducts"". Am J Surg 161: 454–458. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(91)91111-U. 

·  ^ Studies of surgical outcomes in distal cholangiocarcinoma include:

Nakeeb A, Pitt H, Sohn T, Coleman J, Abrams R, Piantadosi S, Hruban R, Lillemoe K, Yeo C, Cameron J (1996). "Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors". Ann Surg 224 (4): 463–73; discussion 473–5. doi:10.1097/00000658-199610000-00005. PMID 8857851. 
Nagorney D, Donohue J, Farnell M, Schleck C, Ilstrup D (1993). "Outcomes after curative resections of cholangiocarcinoma". Arch Surg 128 (8): 871–7; discussion 877–9. PMID 8393652. 
Jang J, Kim S, Park D, Ahn Y, Yoon Y, Choi M, Suh K, Lee K, Park Y (2005). "Actual long-term outcome of extrahepatic bile duct cancer after surgical resection". Ann Surg 241 (1): 77–84. PMID 15621994. 
Bortolasi L, Burgart L, Tsiotos G, Luque-De León E, Sarr M (2000). "Adenocarcinoma of the distal bile duct. A clinicopathologic outcome analysis after curative resection". Dig Surg 17 (1): 36–41. doi:10.1159/000018798. PMID 10720830. 
Fong Y, Blumgart L, Lin E, Fortner J, Brennan M (1996). "Outcome of treatment for distal bile duct cancer". Br J Surg 83 (12): 1712–5. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800831217. PMID 9038548. 
·  ^ Studies of outcome in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma include:

Nakeeb A, Pitt H, Sohn T, Coleman J, Abrams R, Piantadosi S, Hruban R, Lillemoe K, Yeo C, Cameron J (1996). "Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors". Ann Surg 224 (4): 463–73; discussion 473–5. doi:10.1097/00000658-199610000-00005. PMID 8857851. 
Lieser M, Barry M, Rowland C, Ilstrup D, Nagorney D (1998). "Surgical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a 31-year experience". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 5 (1): 41–7. doi:10.1007/PL00009949. PMID 9683753. 
Valverde A, Bonhomme N, Farges O, Sauvanet A, Flejou J, Belghiti J (1999). "Resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a Western experience". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 6 (2): 122–7. doi:10.1007/s005340050094. PMID 10398898. 
Nakagohri T, Asano T, Kinoshita H, Kenmochi T, Urashima T, Miura F, Ochiai T (2003). "Aggressive surgical resection for hilar-invasive and peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma". World J Surg 27 (3): 289–93. doi:10.1007/s00268-002-6696-7. PMID 12607053. 
Weber S, Jarnagin W, Klimstra D, DeMatteo R, Fong Y, Blumgart L (2001). "Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: resectability, recurrence pattern, and outcomes". J Am Coll Surg 193 (4): 384–91. doi:10.1016/S1072-7515(01)01016-X. PMID 11584966. 
·  ^ Estimates of survival after surgery for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma include:

Burke E, Jarnagin W, Hochwald S, Pisters P, Fong Y, Blumgart L (1998). "Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: patterns of spread, the importance of hepatic resection for curative operation, and a presurgical clinical staging system". Ann Surg 228 (3): 385–94. doi:10.1097/00000658-199809000-00011. PMID 9742921. 
Tsao J, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Hayakawa N, Kondo S, Nagino M, Miyachi M, Kanai M, Uesaka K, Oda K, Rossi R, Braasch J, Dugan J (2000). "Management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: comparison of an American and a Japanese experience". Ann Surg 232 (2): 166–74. doi:10.1097/00000658-200008000-00003. PMID 10903592. 
Chamberlain R, Blumgart L (2000). "Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a review and commentary". Ann Surg Oncol 7 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1007/s10434-000-0055-4. PMID 10674450. 
Washburn W, Lewis W, Jenkins R (1995). "Aggressive surgical resection for cholangiocarcinoma". Arch Surg 130 (3): 270–6. PMID 7534059. 
Nagino M, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Kanai M, Uesaka K, Hayakawa N, Yamamoto H, Kondo S, Nishio H. "Segmental liver resections for hilar cholangiocarcinoma". Hepatogastroenterology 45 (19): 7–13. PMID 9496478. 
Rea D, Munoz-Juarez M, Farnell M, Donohue J, Que F, Crownhart B, Larson D, Nagorney D (2004). "Major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of 46 patients". Arch Surg 139 (5): 514–23; discussion 523–5. doi:10.1001/archsurg.139.5.514. PMID 15136352. 
Launois B, Reding R, Lebeau G, Buard J (2000). "Surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: French experience in a collective survey of 552 extrahepatic bile duct cancers". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 7 (2): 128–34. doi:10.1007/s005340050166. PMID 10982604. 
·  ^ Kaya M, de Groen P, Angulo P, Nagorney D, Gunderson L, Gores G, Haddock M, Lindor K (2001). "Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience". Am J Gastroenterol 96 (4): 1164–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03696.x. PMID 11316165. 

·  ^ Nakeeb A, Tran K, Black M, Erickson B, Ritch P, Quebbeman E, Wilson S, Demeure M, Rilling W, Dua K, Pitt H (2002). "Improved survival in resected biliary malignancies". Surgery 132 (4): 555–63; discission 563–4. doi:10.1067/msy.2002.127555. PMID 12407338. 

·  ^ Su C, Tsay S, Wu C, Shyr Y, King K, Lee C, Lui W, Liu T, P'eng F (1996). "Factors influencing postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival after resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma". Ann Surg 223 (4): 384–94. doi:10.1097/00000658-199604000-00007. PMID 8633917. 

·  ^ Heimbach JK, Gores GJ, Haddock MG, et al, Predictors of disease recurrence following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, Transplantation. 2006 Dec 27;82(12):1703-7.

·  ^ Todoroki T, Ohara K, Kawamoto T, Koike N, Yoshida S, Kashiwagi H, Otsuka M, Fukao K (2000). "Benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection of locally advanced main hepatic duct carcinoma". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46 (3): 581–7. PMID 10701737. 

·  ^ Alden M, Mohiuddin M (1994). "The impact of radiation dose in combined external beam and intraluminal Ir-192 brachytherapy for bile duct cancer". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 28 (4): 945–51. PMID 8138448. 

·  ^ González González D, Gouma D, Rauws E, van Gulik T, Bosma A, Koedooder C. "Role of radiotherapy, in particular intraluminal brachytherapy, in the treatment of proximal bile duct carcinoma". Ann Oncol 10 Suppl 4: 215–20. PMID 10436826. 

·  ^ Pitt H, Nakeeb A, Abrams R, Coleman J, Piantadosi S, Yeo C, Lillemore K, Cameron J (1995). "Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Postoperative radiotherapy does not improve survival". Ann Surg 221 (6): 788–97; discussion 797–8. doi:10.1097/00000658-199506000-00017. PMID 7794082. 

·  ^ Takada T, Amano H, Yasuda H, Nimura Y, Matsushiro T, Kato H, Nagakawa T, Nakayama T (2002). "Is postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy useful for gallbladder carcinoma? A phase III multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with resected pancreaticobiliary carcinoma". Cancer 95 (8): 1685–95. doi:10.1002/cncr.10831. PMID 12365016. 

·  ^ a b National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines on evaluation and treatment of hepatobiliary malignanciesPDF (216 KB). Accessed March 13, 2007.

·  ^ Vauthey J, Blumgart L (1994). "Recent advances in the management of cholangiocarcinomas". Semin. Liver Dis. 14 (2): 109–14. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1007302. PMID 8047893. 

·  ^ Glimelius B, Hoffman K, Sjödén P, Jacobsson G, Sellström H, Enander L, Linné T, Svensson C (1996). "Chemotherapy improves survival and quality of life in advanced pancreatic and biliary cancer". Ann Oncol 7 (6): 593–600. PMID 8879373. 

·  ^ Choi C, Choi I, Seo J, Kim B, Kim J, Kim C, Um S, Kim J, Kim Y (2000). "Effects of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in the treatment of pancreatic-biliary tract adenocarcinomas". Am J Clin Oncol 23 (4): 425–8. doi:10.1097/00000421-200008000-00023. PMID 10955877. 

·  ^ Park J, Oh S, Kim S, Kwon H, Kim J, Jin-Kim H, Kim Y (2005). "Single-agent gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced biliary tract cancers: a phase II study". Jpn J Clin Oncol 35 (2): 68–73. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyi021. PMID 15709089. 

·  ^ Giuliani F, Gebbia V, Maiello E, Borsellino N, Bajardi E, Colucci G. "Gemcitabine and cisplatin for inoperable and/or metastatic biliary tree carcinomas: a multicenter phase II study of the Gruppo Oncologico dell'Italia Meridionale (GOIM)". Ann Oncol 17 Suppl 7: vii73-vii77. PMID 16760299. 

·  ^ Bhargava P, Jani C, Savarese D, O'Donnell J, Stuart K, Rocha Lima C (2003). "Gemcitabine and irinotecan in locally advanced or metastatic biliary cancer: preliminary report". Oncology (WillistonPark) 17 (9 Suppl 8): 23–6. PMID 14569844. 

·  ^ Knox J, Hedley D, Oza A, Feld R, Siu L, Chen E, Nematollahi M, Pond G, Zhang J, Moore M (2005). "Combining gemcitabine and capecitabine in patients with advanced biliary cancer: a phase II trial". J Clin Oncol 23 (10): 2332–8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.51.008. PMID 15800324. 

·  ^ Philip P, Mahoney M, Allmer C, Thomas J, Pitot H, Kim G, Donehower R, Fitch T, Picus J, Erlichman C (2006). "Phase II study of erlotinib in patients with advanced biliary cancer". J Clin Oncol 24 (19): 3069–74. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.3579. PMID 16809731. 

·  ^ Ortner M, Caca K, Berr F, Liebetruth J, Mansmann U, Huster D, Voderholzer W, Schachschal G, Mössner J, Lochs H (2003). "Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study". Gastroenterology 125 (5): 1355–63. doi:10.1016/j.gastro.2003.07.015. PMID 14598251. 

·  ^ Zoepf T, Jakobs R, Arnold J, Apel D, Riemann J (2005). "Palliation of nonresectable bile duct cancer: improved survival after photodynamic therapy". Am J Gastroenterol 100 (11): 2426–30.

1. Kapoor VK, McMichael AJ. Gall bladder cancer – an Indian disease. National Medical Journal of India 2003; 16: 209-213.

2. Kapoor VK. Incidental gall bladder cancer. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2001; 96: 627-629.

·  ^ "Cancer". World Health Organization. February 2006. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. 

·  ^ Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:74-108

·  ^ Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:74-108.

·  ^ AHyuk-Joon Lee, Han-Kwang Yang, Yoon-Ok Ahn, Gastric cancer in Korea Gastric Cancer, Volume 5, Number 3 / September, 2002. DOI:10.1007/s101200200031]

·  ^ Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendano M., Human Carcinogenesis and Bracken Fern: A Review of the Evidence, Curr Med Chem. 2002 Mar;9(6):675-86

·  ^ Estrogen in the development of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma (Thesis) http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-370-2/

·  ^ Brooks-WilsonAR, Kaurah P, Suriano G, et al (2004). "Germline E-cadherin mutations in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: assessment of 42 new families and review of genetic screening criteria". J. Med. Genet. 41 (7): 508–17. doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.018275. PMID 15235021. 

·  ^ Inoue H, Kudo SE, Shiokawa A (January 2005). "Technology insight: Laser-scanning confocal microscopy and endocytoscopy for cellular observation of the gastrointestinal tract". Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (1): 31–7. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep0072. PMID 16265098. 

·  ^ Pentenero M, Carrozzo M, Pagano M, Gandolfo S (July 2004). "Oral acanthosis nigricans, tripe palms and sign of leser-trélat in a patient with gastric adenocarcinoma". Int. J. Dermatol. 43 (7): 530–2. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02159.x. PMID 15230897. 

·  ^ Scartozzi M, Galizia E, Verdecchia L, et al (April 2007). "Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer: across the years for a standard of care". Expert Opin Pharmacother 8 (6): 797–808. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.6.797. PMID 17425475. http://www.expertopin.com/doi/abs/10.1517/14656566.8.6.797. 

·  ^ Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al (2001). "Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction". N. Engl. J. Med. 345 (10): 725–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010187. PMID 11547741.

·  ^ Most people diagnosed are smokers.[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/HealthProfessional/page2 Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - National Cancer Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health (Accessed 7 Apr 2009)

·  ^ a b Ghaneh P, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP (2007). "Biology and management of pancreatic cancer". Gut 56 (8): 1134–52. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.103333. PMID 17625148. 

·  ^ "Detailed Guide, Pancreatic Cancer, What is Cancer of the Pancreas?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_is_pancreatic_cancer_34.asp?sitearea=. Retrieved on 2009-21-2. 

·  ^ Yao, J.C., Eisner, M.P., et al. "Population-Based Study of Islet Cell Carcinoma". Ann Surg Oncol. 2007 Dec; 14(12): 3492–3500.

·  ^ a b c d e f g h i "What You Need To Know About Cancer of the Pancreas - National Cancer Institute". 2002-09-16. 4/5. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/pancreas/page4. Retrieved on 2007-12-22. 

·  ^ Carney, C. P.; Jones, L.; Woolson, R. F.; Noyes, R. Jr.; Doebbeling, B. N. (2003). "Relationship between depression and pancreatic cancer in the general population". Psychosom Med 65 (5): 884–888. PMID 14508036. 

·  ^ "ACS :: What Are the Risk Factors for Cancer of the Pancreas?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_pancreatic_cancer_34.asp?sitearea=. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ Iodice S, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, LowenfelsAB (2008). "Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis". Langenbecks Arch Surg 393: 535. doi:10.1007/s00423-007-0266-2. PMID 18193270. 

·  ^ "Vegetable and fruit intake and pancreatic cancer in a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco bay area.". Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. pubMed.gov. 2005-08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172215. Retrieved on 2009-01-14. 

·  ^ "Red Meat May Be Linked to Pancreatic Cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. WebMD. 2005-10-05. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/514268. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 

·  ^ "Obesity Linked to Pancreatic Cancer". American Cancer Society. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention (Vol. 14, No. 2: 459-466). 2005-03-06.

  http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Obesity_Linked_to_Pancreatic_Cancer.asp. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 

·  ^ Efthimiou E, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Lemoine NR, Brentnall TA (February 2001). "Inherited predisposition to pancreatic cancer". Gut 48 (2): 143–7. doi:10.1136/gut.48.2.143. PMID 11156628. 

·  ^ Michaud DS, Joshipura K, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS (2007). "A prospective study of periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer in US male health professionals". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99 (2): 171–5. doi:10.1093/jnci/djk021. PMID 17228001. 

·  ^ Cancer Research UK Pancreatic cancer risks and causes

·  ^ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol and Cancer - Alcohol Alert No. 21-1993

·  ^ American Cancer Society Coffee and Alcohol Do Not Pose a Risk for Pancreatic Cancer

·  ^ Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Hanley AJ, Mao Y Alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Surveillance System case-control project. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group Eur J Cancer Prev 2000 Feb;9(1):49-58. PMID: 10777010

·  ^ a b Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS Coffee and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective United States cohorts Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001 May;10(5):429-37 PMID: 11352851

·  ^ Ahlgren, J. D., et al. Epidemiology and risk factors in pancreatic cancer Seminars in Oncology, 1996, 23(2), 241-250.

·  ^ Cuzick J, Babiker AG Pancreatic cancer, alcohol, diabetes mellitus and gall-bladder disease Int J Cancer 1989 Mar 15;43(3):415-21

·  ^ Harnack LJ, Anderson KE, Zheng W, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and tea intake and incidence of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: the Iowa Women's Health Study Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Dec;6(12):1081-6 PMID: 9419407

·  ^ Schottenfeld, D. and J. Fraumeni, ed. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 2nd ed., ed. Vol. 1996, Oxford University Press: Oxford

·  ^ a b W Ye, J Lagergren, E Weiderpass, O Nyrén, H-O Adami, A Ekbom Alcohol abuse and the risk of pancreatic cancer Gut 2002;51:236-239

·  ^ a b Silverman DT, Brown LM, Hoover RN, Schiffman M, Lillemoe KD, Schoenberg JB, Swanson GM, Hayes RB, Greenberg RS, Benichou J, et al Alcohol and pancreatic cancer in blacks and whites in the United States Cancer Res, 1995. 55(21): p. 4899-905. PMID: 7585527

·  ^ G W Olsen, J S Mandel, R W Gibson, L W Wattenberg and L M Schuman A case-control study of pancreatic cancer and cigarettes, alcohol, coffee and diet American Journal of Public Health Vol. 79, Issue 8 1016–1019

·  ^ Pancreatic cancer risk factors

·  ^ Zatonski WA, Boyle P, Przewozniak K, Maisonneuve P, Drosik K, Walker AM Cigarette smoking, alcohol, tea and coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk: a case-control study from Opole, Poland Int J Cancer 1993 Feb 20;53(4):601-7 PMID: 8436433

·  ^ Durbec JP, Chevillotte G, Bidart JM, Berthezene P, Sarles H. Diet, alcohol, tobacco and risk of cancer of the pancreas: a case-control study Br J Cancer 1983 Apr;47(4):463-70.

·  ^ Bueno de Mesquita HB, Maisonneuve P, Moerman CJ, Runia S, Boyle P. Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages, tea and coffee and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands Int J Cancer 1992 Feb 20;50(4):514-22 PMID: 1537615

·  ^ Bakkevold KE, Arnesjø B, Kambestad B (1992). "Carcinoma of the pancreas and papilla of Vater: presenting symptoms, signs, and diagnosis related to stage and tumour site. A prospective multicentre trial in 472 patients. Norwegian Pancreatic Cancer Trial". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 27 (4): 317–25. doi:10.3109/00365529209000081. PMID 1589710. 

·  ^ Frank J. Domino M.D.etc. (2007). 5 minutes clinical suite version 3. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 

·  ^ a b c Philip, Philip Agop. "Pancreatic Cancer." ACP PIER & AHFX DI Essentials. American College of Physicians. 4 Apr 2008. Accessed 7 Apr 2009.

·  ^ Pancreatic Cancer - Johns Hopkins Medicine: Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

·  ^ Retrieved from http://pathology.jhu.edu/pancreas/TreatmentSurgery.php.

·  ^ Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Friess H, et al (2004). "A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (12): 1200–10. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032295. PMID 15028824. 

·  ^ Demols A, Peeters M, Polus M, et al (2006). "Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in gemcitabine refractory advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a phase II study". Br. J. Cancer 94 (4): 481–5. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602966. PMID 16434988. 

·  ^ FDA approval briefing

·  ^ Dhillon N, Aggarwal BB, Newman RA, et al (July 2008). "Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 14 (14): 4491–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0024. PMID 18628464. 

·  ^ De Leon D. "Cancer News and Information: Curcumin Temporarily Slows Pancreatic Cancer". CancerWise. http://www.cancerwise.org/September_2008/print.cfm?id=D1F9875B-28E5-4CC2-89D07EE517C4F03B&method=DisplayFull. 

·  ^ WHO | Cancer

·  ^ Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ (2007). "Cancer statistics, 2007". CA Cancer J Clin 57 (1): 43–66. PMID 17237035. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/57/1/43. 

·  ^ Wang F, Herrington M, Larsson J, Permert J (January 2003). "The relationship between diabetes and pancreatic cancer". Mol. Cancer 2: 4. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-2-4. PMID 12556242. PMC: 149418. http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/2/1/4. 

·  ^ "ACS :: Can Cancer of the Pancreas be Prevented?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_pancreatic_cancer_be_prevented_34.asp?rnav=cri. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ Coughlin, SS; Calle EE, Patel AV, Thun MJ. (December 2000). "Predictors of pancreatic cancer mortality among a large cohort of United States adults". Cancer Causes Control. 11 (10): 915–23.. doi:10.1023/A:1026580131793. PMID 11142526. 

·  ^ Zheng, W; et al (September 1993). "A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States)". Cancer Causes Control. 4 (5): 477–82.. doi:10.1007/BF00050867. PMID 8218880. 

·  ^ Larsson, Susanna; Niclas Håkansson, Ingmar Näslund, Leif Bergkvist and Alicja Wolk (February 2006). "Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a prospective study". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 15: 301–305. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0696. PMID 16492919. 

·  ^ "Vegetable and fruit intake and pancreatic cancer in a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco bay area.". Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. pubMed.gov. 2005-08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172215. Retrieved on 2009-01-14. 

·  ^ BBC NEWS | Health | Vitamin D 'slashes cancer risk'

·  ^ Vitamin D May Cut Pancreatic Cancer

·  ^ http://www.forbes.com/forbeslife/health/feeds/hscout/2006/09/14/hscout534925.html

·  ^ Schernhammer E, Wolpin B, Rifai N, et al (June 2007). "Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and homocysteine and pancreatic cancer risk in four large cohorts". Cancer Res. 67 (11): 5553–60. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4463. PMID 17545639. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/11/5553. 

·  ^ "United Press International - Consumer Health Daily - Briefing". http://www.upi.com/Consumer_Health_Daily/Briefing/2007/06/01/pancreatic_cancer_risk_cut_by_b6_b12/3712/. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.

^ Terry SM, Santora T. Benign Neoplasm of the Small Intestine. eMedicine.com. URL: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2652.htm. Accessed on: June 2, 2006.
^ Delaunoit T, Neczyporenko F, Limburg PJ, Erlichman C. Pathogenesis and risk factors of small bowel adenocarcinoma: a colorectal cancer sibling? Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar;100(3):703-10. PMID 15743371.
^ Chen AC, Neugut AI. Malignant Neoplasms of the Small Intestine. eMedicine.com. URL: http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic2651.htm. Accessed on: June 2, 2006.
^ "Cancer". World Health Organization. February 2006. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. 
^ Levin KE, Dozois RR. Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 Epidemiology of large bowel cancer. World J Surg. 1991 Sep-Oct;15(5):562-7. PMID 1949852.
^ Penn State University health and disease information
^ Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes at pubmed
^ American Cancer Society Smoking Linked to Increased Colorectal Cancer Risk - New Study Links Smoking to Increased Colorectal Cancer Risk 2000-12-06
^ 'Smoking Ups Colon Cancer Risk' at Medline Plus
^ Chao A, Thun MJ, Connell CJ, McCullough ML, Jacobs EJ, Flanders WD, Rodriguez C, Sinha R, Calle EE. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 2005;293:172-82. PMID 15644544.
^ [1]
^ Park Y, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Bergkvist L, Berrino F et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. JAMA 2005;294:2849-57. PMID 16352792.
^ Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial
^ Selenium from High Selenium Broccoli Protects Rats from Colon Cancer at Journal of Nutrition
^ a b Gregory L. Brotzman and Russell G. Robertson (2006). "Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors". Colorectal Cancer. http://www.health.am/cr/colorectal-cancer/. Retrieved on 2008-01-16. 
^ Jerome J. DeCosse, MD; George J. Tsioulias, MD; Judish S. Jacobson, MPH (February 1994). "Colorectal cancer: detection, treatment, and rehabilitation" (PDF). Colorectal cancer: detection, treatment, and rehabilitation. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/44/1/27.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-16. 
^ Hamilton SR. Colorectal Carcinoma in patients with Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 1985; 89; 398-407
^ DO SANTOSSILVAI. ; SWERDLOW A. J. (16 Apr 2007). "Sex differences in time trends of colorectal cancer in England and Wales: the possible effect of female hormonal factors.". British journal of cancer 73 (ISSN 0007-0920): 692. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2995435. 
^ Beral V, Banks E, Reeves G, Appleby P. Use of HRT and the subsequent risk of cancer. Imperial Cancer Research Fund Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford, UK. 1999;4(3):191-210; discussion 210-5. PMID 10695959.
^ a b c National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol and Cancer - Alcohol Alert No. 21-1993
^ WCRF Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective
^ Longnecker, M.P. Alcohol consumption in relation to risk of cancers of the breast and large bowel. Alcohol Health & Research World 16(3)':223-229, 1992.
^ Longnecker, M.P.; Orza, M.J.; Adams, M.E.; Vioque, J.; and Chalmers, T.C. A meta-analysis of alcoholic beverage consumption in relation to risk of colorectal cancer Cancer Causes and Control 1(1):59-68, 1990.
^ Kune, S.; Kune, G.A.; and Watson, L.F. Case-control study of alcoholic beverages as etiological factors: The Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study Nutrition and Cancer 9(1):43-56, 1987.
^ Potter, J.D., and McMichael, A.J. Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: A case-control study Journal of the National Cancer Institute 76(4):557-569, 1986.
^ Alcohol Consumption and the Risk for Colorectal Cancer 20 April 2004
^ Alcohol Intake and Colorectal Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 8 Cohort Studies
^ Boston University "Alcohol May Increase the Risk of Colon Cancer"
^ Su LJ, Arab L. Alcohol consumption and risk of colon cancer: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Nutr and Cancer. 2004;50(2):111–119.
^ Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J, van den Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Holmberg L, Kim DH, Malila N, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Rohan TE, Sellers TA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies Ann Intern Med April 20, 2004;140(8):603-13
^ Joseph C. Anderson, Zvi Alpern, Gurvinder Sethi, Catherine R. Messina, Carole Martin, Patricia M. Hubbard, Roger Grimson, Peter F. Ells, and Robert D. Shaw Prevalence and Risk of Colorectal Neoplasia in Consumers of Alcohol in a Screening Population Am J Gastroenterol Volume 100 Issue 9 Page 2049 Date September 2005
^ Colorectal Cancer: Who's at Risk? (National Institutes of Health: National Cancer Institute)
^ National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Trends Progress Report Alcohol Consumption
^ Brown, Anthony J. Alcohol, tobacco, and male gender up risk of earlier onset colorectal cancer
^ "Implementing Colorectal Cancer Screening. Workshop Summary". The National Academies Press. 2008-12-11. http://www.iom.edu/CMS/26765/60428.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-12-19. 
^ Weitzel JN: Genetic cancer risk assessment. Putting it all together. Cancer 86:2483,1999. PMID 10630174
^ B. Greenwald (2006). "The DNA Stool Test - An Emerging Technology in Colorectal Cancer Screening". http://www.touchalimentarydisease.com/articles.cfm?article_id=6375&level=2. 
^ Pathology atlas
^ Wittekind, Ch; Sobin, L. H. (2002). TNM classification of malignant tumours. New York: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0-471-22288-7. 
^ Dukes CE. The classification of cancer of the rectum. Journal of Pathological Bacteriology 1932;35:323.
^ Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M (1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature 363 (6429): 558–61. doi:10.1038/363558a0. PMID 8505985. 
^ Srikumar Chakravarthi, Baba Krishnan, Malathy Madhavan. Apoptosis and expression of p53 in colorectal neoplasms. Indian J Med Res 111,1999;95-102
^ Ades, Steven (2009). "Adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer in the elderly". [Oncology]. http://www.cancernetwork.com/display/article/10165/1376671. 
^ Parker MC, Wilson MS, Menzies D, Sunderland G, Clark DN, Knight AD, Crowe AM; Surgical and Clinical Adhesions Research (SCAR) Group. (2005). "The SCAR-3 study: 5-year adhesion-related readmission risk following lower abdominal surgical procedures.". Colorectal Dis. 7 (6): 551–558. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00857.x. PMID 16232234. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118740522/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved on 2009-03-05. 
^ L. van Epps, PhD, Heather (Winter, 2008). "Bittersweet Gene: A gene called KRAS can predict which colorectal cancers will respond to a certain type of treatment—and which will not.". CURE (Cancer Updates, Research and Education). http://www.curetoday.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/article.show/id/2/article_id/943. 
^ ASCO Releases Provisional Clinical Opinion Recommending Routine KRAS Gene Testing to Guide Treatment for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer; http://www.asco.org/ASCO/News/Press+Center/Public+Policy/Cancer+Policy+News+Releases/ASCO+Releases+Provisional+Clinical+Opinion+Recommending+Routine+KRAS+Gene+Testing+to+Guide+Treatment+for+Metastatic+Colorectal+Cancer
^ L. van Epps, PhD, Heather (Winter, 2008). "Bittersweet Gene: A gene called KRAS can predict which colorectal cancers will respond to a certain type of treatment—and which will not.". CURE (Cancer Updates, Research and Education). http://www.curetoday.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/article.show/id/2/article_id/943. 
^ V. Shankaran, et al. "Economic implications of Kras testing in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)" ASCO 2009 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, abstract #298; http://www.asco.org/ASCO/Abstracts+&+Virtual+Meeting/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=63&abstractID=10759.
^ [2]
^ Mosolits S, Nilsson B, Mellstedt H. Towards therapeutic vaccines for colorectal carcinoma: a review of clinical trials., Expert Rev. Vaccines, 2005;4:329-50. PMID 16026248.
^ Wheldon, Julie. Vaccine for kidney and bowel cancers 'within three years' The Daily Mail 2006-11-13
^ Vaccine Works With Chemotherapy in Colorectal Cancer (Reuters) 2007-08-13
^ [3]
^ Simmonds PC, Primrose JN, Colquitt JL, Garden OJ, Poston GJ, Rees M (April 2006). "Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review of published studies". Br. J. Cancer 94 (7): 982–99. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603033. PMID 16538219. 
^ a b NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology - Colon Cancer (version 1, 2008: September 19, 2007).
^ a b Desch CE, Benson AB 3rd, Somerfield MR, et al; American Society of Clinical Oncology (2005). "Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline" (PDF). J Clin Oncol 23 (33): 8512–9. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.0063. PMID 16260687. http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/reprint/JCO.2005.04.0063v1.pdf. 
^ Jeffery M, Hickey BE, Hider PN (2002). "Follow-up strategies for patients treated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002200. CD002200. http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002200/frame.html. 
^ Renehan AG, Egger M, Saunders MP, O'Dwyer ST (2002). "Impact on survival of intensive follow up after curative resection for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials". BMJ 324 (7341): 831–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7341.813. PMID 11934773. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/324/7341/813. 
^ Figueredo A, Rumble RB, Maroun J, et al; Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group of Cancer Care Ontario's Program in Evidence-based Care. (2003). "Follow-up of patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer: a practice guideline.". BMC Cancer 3: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-3-26. 
^ Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, O'Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, Waye JD, Schapiro M, Bond JH, Panish JF, Ackroyd F, Shike M, Kurtz RC, Hornsby-Lewis L, Gerdes H, Stewart ET, The National Polyp Study Workgroup. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1977-81. PMID 8247072.
^ Cummings, JH; Bingham SA (1998). "Diet and the prevention of cancer". BMJ: 1636–40. PMID 9848907. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/. 
^ Fuchs, C. S. (1999). "Dietary Fiber and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Adenoma in Women". New England Journal of Medicine 340 (340): 169–76. doi:10.1056/NEJM199901213400301. PMID 9895396. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/340/3/169. 
^ Baron, J. A. (2005). "Dietary Fiber and Colorectal Cancer: An Ongoing Saga". Journal of the American Medical Association 294 (294(22)): 2904–2906. doi:10.1001/jama.294.22.2904. PMID 16352792. 
^ "Health Effects of Eating Fiber". http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/fiber.html. 
^ "Colorectal Cancer Prevention: Chemoprevention Database". http://www.inra.fr/reseau-nacre/sci-memb/corpet/indexan.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-23. 
^ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2007-03-05). "Task Force Recommends Against Use of Aspirin and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs to Prevent Colorectal Cancer". United States Department of Health & Human Services. http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2007/aspnsaidpr.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. 
^ "Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement". Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (5): 361–4. 2007. pmid=17339621.  PMID 17339621
^ Flossmann E, Rothwell PM (2007). "Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies". Lancet 369 (9573): 1603–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60747-8. PMID 17499602.  PMID 17499602
^ Campbell CL, Smyth S, Montalescot G, Steinhubl SR (2007). "Aspirin dose for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review". JAMA 297 (18): 2018–24. doi:10.1001/jama.297.18.2018. PMID 17488967.  PMID 17488967
^ Weingarten MA, Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J (2005). "Dietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD003548. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003548.pub3. PMID 16034903. 
^ Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, et al (2006). "Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (7): 684–96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055222. PMID 16481636. 
^ Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP (2007). "Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 (6): 1586–91. PMID 17556697. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/6/1586. 
^ van Leeuwen I, Byrne H, Jensen O, King J (2006). "Crypt dynamics and colorectal cancer: advances in mathematical modelling.". Cell Prolif 39 (3): 157–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00378.x. PMID 16671995. Full text
^ http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryID=112887
^ http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/debussy.html
^ ESPN
^ BBC
^ ABC news
^ BBC report
^ IMDB
^ BBC
^ BBC
^ CNN
^ Fox News
^ Daily Mail
^ Lynn's Bowel Cancer Campaign|http://www.bowelcancer.tv/cgi-bin/page.pl?page=LynnsStory&accessability=no
^ Maroun J, Kocha W, Kvols L, et al (April 2006). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of carcinoid tumours. Part 1: The gastrointestinal tract. A statement from a Canadian National Carcinoid Expert Group". Curr Oncol 13 (2): 67–76. PMID 17576444. PMC: 1891174. http://www.current-oncology.com/index.php/oncology/article/view/84/53;. 
^ "ACS :: What Is a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_gastrointestinal_carcinoid_tumors_14.asp. 
^ Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M (February 2003). "A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors". Cancer 97 (4): 934–59. doi:10.1002/cncr.11105. PMID 12569593. 
^ "Definition of carcinoid - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". http://www.cancer.gov/Templates/db_alpha.aspx?CdrID=44233. 
^ Kulke MH, Mayer RJ (March 1999). "Carcinoid tumors". N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (11): 858–68. doi:10.1056/NEJM199903183401107. PMID 10080850. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=10080850&promo=ONFLNS19. 
^ Daffner KR, Sherman JC, Gilberto Gonzalez R, Hasserjian RP (2008). "Case 35-2008 — A 65-Year-Old Man with Confusion and Memory Loss". N Engl J Med 359 (20): 2155–2164. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc0804643. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/20/2155. 
·  ^ a b c "Detailed Guide: Anal Cancer What Are the Key Statistics About Anal Cancer?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_Anal_Cancer_47.asp?rnav=cri. Retrieved on 2008-11-18. 

·  ^ Danish Medical Bulletin. 2002 Aug;49(3):194-209

·  ^ New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 Nov 6;337(19):1350-8

·  ^ a b c American Cancer Society. "What Are the Risk Factors for Anal Cancer?"

·  ^ "STD Facts - HPV and Men". http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-and-men.htm. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. 

·  ^ M Frisch and C Johansen (2000). "Anal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease". Anal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease. http://dceg.cancer.gov/pdfs/frisch83892000.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 

·  ^ "Carcinoma of the Anus Management". 2007. http://www.health.am/cr/carcinoma-of-the-anus-management/. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 

·  ^ "Benign Anal Lesions and the Risk of Anal Cancer". 1994. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/331/5/300. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 

·  ^ ""Gardasil, Merck's Cervical Cancer Vaccine, Demonstrated Efficacy in Preventing HPV-Related Disease in Males in Phase III Study: Pivotal Study Evaluating Efficacy of Gardasil in Males in Preventing HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18-Related External Genital Lesions".". Merck Research and Development News. (www.merck.com). http://www.merck.com/newsroom/press_releases/research_and_development/2008_1113.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-15. 

·  ^ Tuller, David (2007-01-31). "HPV vaccine may help to prevent anal cancer". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/31/healthscience/sncancer.php. Retrieved on 2009-al03-23. 

·  ^ Cichoki, Mark. "Anal Papilloma Screening" on About.com

·  ^ Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM, Tyring S, El Serag H (2006). "Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (2): 223–33. doi:10.1086/505219. PMID 16779751. 

·  ^ "Updated Treatment Guidelines Published". Aidsmeds.com. http://www.aidsmeds.com/news/am20060510.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-23.

^ a b Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA (2000). "Cancer statistics, 2000". CA Cancer J Clin 50 (1): 7–33. doi:10.3322/canjclin.50.1.7. PMID 10735013. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/50/1/7. 
^ a b American Cancer Society. Accessed June 2000.
^ Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA (Feb 1998). "Practical guidelines for the treatment of malignant gliomas". West J Med. 168 (2): 114–20. PMID 9499745. 
^ Gurney, James G; Smith, Malcolm A; Bunin, Greta R. "CNS and Miscellaneous Intracranial and Instraspinal Neoplasms" (PDF). SEER Pediatric Monograph. National Cancer Institute. pp. 51–52 (incidence); pp. 56–57 (trends); p. 57 (survival). http://seer.cancer.gov/publications/childhood/cns.pdf. Retrieved on 4 December 2008. "[re incidence] In the US, approximately 2,200 children and adolescents younger than 20 years of age are diagnosed with malignant central nervous system tumors each year. Over 90 percent of primary CNS malignancies in children are located within the brain." 
^ Infantile Brain Tumors by Brian Rood for The Childhood Brain Tumor Foundation (accessed July 2007)
^ Echevarría ME, Fangusaro J, Goldman S (June 2008). "Pediatric central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review". Oncologist 13 (6): 690–9. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0037. PMID 18586924. 
^ Radiosurgery treatment comparisons - Cyberknife, Gamma knife, Novalis Tx
^ Nakamura M, Konishi N, Tsunoda S, et al (Feb 2000). "Analysis of prognostic and survival factors related to treatment of low-grade astrocytomas in adults". Oncology 58 (2): 108–16. doi:10.1159/000012087. PMID 10705237. http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=ocl58108. 
^ Clinical trials in brain tumors.. Accessed June 2000.
^ Nicolato A, Gerosa MA, Fina P, Iuzzolino P, Giorgiutti F, Bricolo A (Sep 1995). "Prognostic factors in low-grade supratentorial astrocytomas: a uni-multivariate statistical analysis in 76 surgically treated adult patients". Surg Neurol 44 (3): 208–21; discussion 221–3. doi:10.1016/0090-3019(95)00184-0. PMID 8545771. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0090-3019(95)00184-0. 
^ Janny P, Cure H, Mohr M, et al (Apr 1994). "Low grade supratentorial astrocytomas. Management and prognostic factors". Cancer 73 (7): 1937–45. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940401)73:7<1937::AID-CNCR2820730727>3.0.CO;2-G. PMID 8137221. 
^ Piepmeier J, Christopher S, Spencer D, et al (May 1996). "Variations in the natural history and survival of patients with supratentorial low-grade astrocytomas". Neurosurgery 38 (5): 872–8; discussion 878–9. doi:10.1097/00006123-199605000-00002. PMID 8727811. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0148-396X&volume=38&issue=5&spage=872. 
^ Treating secondary brain tumours with WBRT
^ Whole Brain Radiation increases risk of learning and memory problems in cancer patients with brain metastases
^ IRSA - International RadioSurgery Association - Metastatic brain tumors
^ Researchers Find Cancer-Killing Virus; July 24, 2000.
^ Yale Lab Engineers Virus That Can Kill Deadly Brain Tumors; February 21, 2008.
^ a b World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (June 2003). "World Cancer Report". http://www.iarc.fr/en/Publications/PDFs-online/World-Cancer-Report/World-Cancer-Report. Retrieved on 2009-03-26. 
^ a b c World Health Organization (February 2006). "Fact sheet No. 297: Cancer". http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/index.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-26. 
^ "Male Breast Cancer Treatment - National Cancer Institute". National Cancer Institute. 2006. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/healthprofessional. Retrieved on 2006-10-16. 
^ "Breast Cancer in Men: Cancer Research UK". Cancer Research UK. 2007. http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=5075. Retrieved on 2007-11-06. 
^ American Cancer Society (September 27, 2007). "What Are the Key Statistics About Breast Cancer in Men?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_male_breast_cancer_28.asp?sitearea=. Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 
^ Giordano SH, Hortobagyi GN (2003). "Inflammatory breast cancer: clinical progress and the main problems that must be addressed". Breast Cancer Res. 5 (6): 284–8. doi:10.1186/bcr608. PMID 14580242.  Free Full Text.
^ a b c d Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (February 2003). "Breast Disorders: Cancer". http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec22/ch251/ch251f.html#sec22-ch251-ch251f-525. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
^ a b c d American Cancer Society (2007). "Cancer Facts & Figures 2007" (PDF). http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2007PWSecured.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. 
^ eMedicine (August 23, 2006). "Breast Cancer Evaluation". http://www.emedicine.com/med/TOPIC3287.HTM. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
^ National Cancer Institute (June 27, 2005). "Paget's Disease of the Nipple: Questions and Answers". http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/pagets-breast. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
^ National Cancer Institute (September 1, 2004). "Metastatic Cancer: Questions and Answers". http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/metastatic. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 
^ Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (February 2003). "Breast Disorders: Introduction". http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec22/ch251/ch251a.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
^ Lane-Claypon, Janet Elizabeth (1926). A further report on cancer of the breast, with special reference to its associated antecedent conditions. London, Greater London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO). OCLC 14713036. 
^ Alfredo Morabia (2004). A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Boston: Birkhauser. pp. 301–302. ISBN 3-7643-6818-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=E-OZbEmPSTkC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=%22lane+claypon%22+%22further+report+*+cancer%22&source=web&ots=jSQWua-Sx0&sig=3arOIXuwGU_w_Omza11lEDj2TEo#PPA301,M1. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. 
^ Cavalieri E, Chakravarti D, Guttenplan J, et al (2006). "Catechol estrogen quinones as initiators of breast and other human cancers: implications for biomarkers of susceptibility and cancer prevention". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1766 (1): 63–78. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.03.001. PMID 16675129. 
^ Farlex (2005). ">immunological surveillance "The Free Dictionary: Immunological Surveilliance". http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/immunological+surveillance">immunological surveillance. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 
^ a b American Cancer Society (2005). "Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006" (PDF). http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2005BrFacspdf2005.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. 
^ Braddock, Suzanne W., Jane M. Kercher, John J. Edney, and Melanie M. Clark. Straight talk about breast cancer from diagnosis to recovery : a guide for the whole family. Omaha, Neb: Addicus Books, 1994.
^ Giordano, Sharon H; Cohen DS, Buzdar AU, Perkins G, Hortobagyi GN (May 2004). "Breast carcinoma in men". Cancer (American Cancer Society) 101 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1002/cncr.20312. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/108565241/HTMLSTART. 
^ "Individual Risk Factors". BreastCancer.org. http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/who_gets/ind_risk.jsp. Retrieved on 2007-03-11. 

 ^ Yager JD; DavidsonNE (2006). "Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer". New Engl J Med 354 (3): 270–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050776. PMID 16421368. 
^ Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL, ThomsonCA, Nixon DW, Shapiro A, Hoy MK, et al.. "Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: interim efficacy results from the Women's Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS)". J Natl Cancer Inst 98 (24): 1767–1776. PMID 17179478. 
^ Boffetta, Paolo; Hashibe, Mia; La Vecchia, Carlo; Zatonski, Witold; Rehm, Jürgen (2006-03-23). "The burden of cancer attributable to alcohol drinking". International Journal of Cancer (Wiley-Liss, Inc) 119 (4): 884–887. doi:10.1002/ijc.21903. PMID 16557583. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112550783/ABSTRACT. Retrieved on 2006-10-09. 
^ [1]
^ BBC report Weight link to breast cancer risk
^ WHO international Agency for Research on Cancer Press Release No. 180, December 2007.
^ Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Benichou J, Byrne C, Hoover RN (1995). "Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87 (22): 1681–5. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.22.1681. PMID 7473816. 
^ Venkitaraman, AR (2002). "cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2". Cell 108 (2): 171–82. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00615-3. 
^ Laurance, Jeremy (2006-09-29). "Breast cancer cases rise 80% since Seventies". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/breast-cancer-cases-rise-80-since-seventies-417990.html. Retrieved on 2006-10-09. 
^ "Breast Cancer: Statistics on Incidence, Survival, and Screening". Imaginis Corporation. 2006. http://imaginis.com/breasthealth/statistics.asp. Retrieved on 2006-10-09. 
^ Stewart B. W. and Kleihues P. (Eds): World Cancer Report. IARCPress. Lyon 2003
^ Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2000. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2003.
^ a b c American Cancer Society (September 13, 2007). "What Are the Key Statistics for Breast Cancer?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_breast_cancer_5.asp. Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 
^ Espey DK, Wu XC, Swan J, et al (2007). "Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives". Cancer 110 (10): 2119–52. doi:10.1002/cncr.23044. PMID 17939129. 
^ Society for Women's Health Research (2005-07-07). Women's Fear of Heart Disease Has Almost Doubled in Three Years, But Breast Cancer Remains Most Feared Disease. Press release. http://www.womenshealthresearch.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5459&news_iv_ctrl=0&abbr=press_. Retrieved on 2007-10-15. 
^ "Leading Causes of Death for American Women 2004" (PDF). National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/hearttruth/press/infograph_dressgraph.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-10-15. 
^ In Breast Cancer Data, Hope, Fear and Confusion, By DENISE GRADY, New York Times, January 26, 1999.
^ Wisconsin Cancer Incidence and Mortality, 2000-2004 Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services
^ a b Tammemagi CM (2007). "Racial/ethnic disparities in breast and gynecologic cancer treatment and outcomes". Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 19 (1): 31–6. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3280117cf8. PMID 17218849. 
^ Hirschman J, Whitman S, Ansell D (2007). "The black:white disparity in breast cancer mortality: the example of Chicago". Cancer Causes Control 18 (3): 323–33. doi:10.1007/s10552-006-0102-y. PMID 17285262. 
^ Breast cancer rates differ in races by Amanda Villa Wednesday, October 24, 2007. Badger Herald
^ Benjamin M, Reddy S, Brawley OW (2003). "Myeloma and race: a review of the literature". Cancer Metastasis Rev. 22 (1): 87–93. doi:10.1023/A:1022268103136. PMID 12716040. 
^ Demicheli R, Retsky MW, Hrushesky WJ, Baum M, Gukas ID, Jatoi I (2007). "Racial disparities in breast cancer outcome: insights into host-tumor interactions". Cancer 110 (9): 1880–8. doi:10.1002/cncr.22998. PMID 17876835. 
^ Daily Mail (UK) 13 Nov 2008
^ Breast Cancer at Mount Sinai Hospital
^ lanl.gov, Better Breast Cancer Detection
^ Zuckerman, Diana, "Treatment Options for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Information for Primary Care Providers", Medscape Continuing Medical Education. National Research Center for Women & Families.
^ Rusiecki JA, Holford TR, Zahm SH, Zheng T (2005). "Breast cancer risk factors according to joint estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status". Cancer Detect. Prev. 29 (5): 419–26. doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2005.07.004. PMID 16185815. 
^ accessed 1/30/07 cancer.gov
^ "FDA Approves New Breast Cancer Test". Associated Press, February 6, 2007.
^ Dowlatshahi, Kambiz; Dieschbourg, Janice J.; Bloom, Kenneth J. (May 2004). "Laser Therapy of Breast Cancer with 3-Year follow up". The Breast Journal (Blackwell Publishing) 10 (3): 240–243. doi:10.1111/j.1075-122X.2004.21436.x. 
^ Breastcancer.org Treatment Options
^ CA15-3 and alkaline phosphatase as predictors for breast cancer recurrence: a combined analysis of seven International Breast Cancer Study Group trials - Keshaviah et al. 18 (4): 701 - Annals of Oncology
^ Pritchard KI (2009). "Ovarian Suppression/Ablation in Premenopausal ER-Positive Breast Cancer Patients". Oncology 23 (1). http://www.cancernetwork.com/display/article/10165/1366719?pageNumber=1. 
^ a b Robb C, Haley WE, Balducci L, et al (April 2007). "Impact of breast cancer survivorship on quality of life in older women". Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 62 (1): 84–91. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.11.003. PMID 17188505. 
^ Lacroix M (2006). "Significance, detection and markers of disseminated breast cancer cells". Endocr Relat Cancer 13 (4): 1033–67. doi:10.1677/ERC-06-0001. PMID 17158753. 
^ Philippar U, Roussos ET, Oser M, et al (December 2008). "A Mena invasion isoform potentiates EGF-induced carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis". Dev. Cell 15 (6): 813–28. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.09.003. PMID 19081071. 
^ "The History of Cancer". American Cancer Society. 2002-03-25. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp?sitearea=CRI. Retrieved on 2006-10-09. 
^ [2]
^ James S. Olson. Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer, and History, 1st edition, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 [ISBN 0801880645. ISBN 978-0801880643]
^ "Breast Cancer Awareness Month". http://www.nbcam.com/. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 
^ "Pink Ribbon". http://pinkribbon.com/. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 
^ "Pink for October". http://pinkforoctober.org/. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 
^ "Index of Saints". Catholic Forum. http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/sainta04.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 
^ "About Our Ribbon". http://www.johnwnickfoundation.org/pinkandblueribbon.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-17. </
·         Arthur, Joyce (2002-03). "Abortion and Breast Cancer — A Forged Link". The Humanist. http://www.abortion.org.au/breastcancer.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 

·         Ressler, Kelly-Anne (2002-08). "Information for GPs – Alcohol and cancer risk" (PDF). Cancer Control Program. South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Area Health Service. http://www.sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au/publications/cancerControl/26%20Alcohol.PDF. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 

·         "Surgery choices for women with early-stage Breast cancer" (PDF). National Cancer Institute. United States Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.center4research.org/pdf/booklet04bc.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 

·         Napieralski, Julie A.; Carol Devine (1988-03). "Alcohol and the Risk of Breast Cancer". Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New YorkState. Cornell University. http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/Diet/fs13.alcohol.cfm. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 

·         "Radiology Info - Breast Cancer". Radiological Society of North America. Radiological Society of North America. http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastcancer&bhcp=1. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. 

·         Zuckerman, Diana. "Mastectomy v. Lumpectomy: Who Decides?". NationalResearchCenter for Women & Families. National Research Center. http://www.center4research.org/bc071502.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.

·  ^ Wilkins RM, Cullen JW, Odom L, Jamroz BA, Cullen PM, Fink K, Peck SD, Stevens SL, Kelly CM, Camozzi AB: Superior survival in treatment of primary non-metastatic pediatric osteosarcoma of the extremity. Ann Surg Oncol 10:498-507, 2003.

·  ^ Buecker, PJ, Gebhardt, M and Weber, K (2005). "Osteosarcoma". ESUN. http://sarcomahelp.org/osteosarcoma.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-15. 

·  ^ http://www.osteosarcomasupport.org/cxcr4_metastases.pdf

·  ^ Koshkina, NV and Corey, S (2008). "Novel Targets to Treat Osteosarcoma Lung Metastases". ESUN. http://sarcomahelp.org/research_center/osteosarcoma_lung_metastases.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-14. 

·  ^ Withrow, S.J. (2003). "Limb Sparing Trials and Canine Osteosarcoma". Genes, Dogs and Cancer: 3rd Annual Canine Cancer Conference, 2003. http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/Keystone/2003/withrow/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1. Retrieved on 2006-06-16. 

·  ^ Bech-Nielsen, S., Haskins, M. E. et al. (1978). "Frequency of osteosarcoma among first-degree relatives of St. Bernard dogs". J Natl Cancer Inst 60(2):349-53. 

·  ^ Ru, B., Terracini, G. et al. (1998). "Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma". Vet J 156(1):31-9 156: 31. doi:10.1016/S1090-0233(98)80059-2. 

·  ^ Ranen E, Lavy E et al. (2004). "Spirocercosis-associated esophageal sarcomas in dogs. A retrospective study of 17 cases (1997-2003)". Vet Parasitol 119(2-3):209-21 119: 209. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.023. 

·  ^ a b c Morrison, Wallace B. (1998). Cancer in Dogs and Cats (1st ed.). Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-06105-4. 

·  ^ Tomlin, J. L., Sturgeon, C. et al. (2000). "Use of the bisphosphonate drug alendronate for palliative management of osteosarcoma in two dogs". Vet Rec 147(5):129-32.

^ Gelderblom H, Hogendoorn PC, DijkstraSD, et al (March 2008). "The clinical approach towards chondrosarcoma". Oncologist 13 (3): 320–9. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2007-0237. PMID 18378543. http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18378543. 
^ a b "Chondrosarcoma: Overview - eMedicine Radiology". http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic168.htm. Retrieved on 2009-02-14. 
^ a b "Chondrosarcoma : Cancerbackup". http://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/Cancertype/Bone/Typesofbonecancer/Chondrosarcoma#3340. Retrieved on 2009-02-14. 
^ "Caring Medical - Symptoms - Chondrosarcoma". http://www.caringmedical.com/conditions/Chondrosarcoma.htm. Retrieved on 2009-02-14. 
^ "Proton Therapy at PSI (Protonentherapie)". http://p-therapie.web.psi.ch/e/klinikerfahrung.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-14. 
·  ^ Pai SB, Lalitha RM, Prasad K, Rao SG, Harish K (September 2005). "Giant cell tumor of the temporal bone--a case report". BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord 5: 8. doi:10.1186/1472-6815-5-8. PMID 16162299. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6815/5/8. 

·  ^ Gamberi G, Serra M, Ragazzini P, Magagnoli G, Pazzaglia L, Ponticelli F, Ferrari C, Zanasi M, Bertoni F, Picci P, Benassi M (2003). "Identification of markers of possible prognostic value in 57 giant cell tumors of bone". Oncol Rep 10 (2): 351–6. PMID 12579271. 

·  ^ Murphey M, Nomikos G, Flemming D, Gannon F, Temple H, Kransdorf M (2001). "From the archives of AFIP. Imaging of giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone: radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 21 (5): 1283–309. PMID 11553835. 

·  ^ "Giant-cell tumor of bone - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics". http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/giant_cell_tumor_of_bone. 

·  ^ Balke M, Schremper L, Gebert C, et al (March 2008). "Giant cell tumor of bone: treatment and outcome of 214 cases". J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.. doi:10.1007/s00432-008-0370-x. PMID 18322700. 

·  ^ Mendenhall W, Zlotecki R, Scarborough M, Gibbs C, Mendenhall N (2006). "Giant cell tumor of bone". Am J Clin Oncol 29 (1): 96–9. doi:10.1097/01.coc.0000195089.11620.b7. PMID 16462511.

·  ^ Iwamoto Y (February 2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of Ewing sarcoma". Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 37 (2): 79–89. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyl142. PMID 17272319. http://jjco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17272319. 

·  ^ Burt M, Karpeh M, Ukoha O, et al (January 1993). "Medical tumors of the chest wall. Solitary plasmacytoma and Ewing sarcoma". J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 105 (1): 89–96. PMID 8419714. http://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/1/89. 

·  ^ Longtin R (November 2003). "Ewing sarcoma: a miracle drug waiting to happen?". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95 (21): 1574–6. PMID 14600088. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14600088. 

·  ^ synd/2367 at Who Named It?

·  ^ J. Ewing. Diffuse endothelioma of bone. Proceedings of the New York Pathological Society, 1921, 17-24.

·  ^ Owen LA, Kowalewski AA, Lessnick SL (2008). "EWS/FLI mediates transcriptional repression via NKX2.2 during oncogenic transformation in Ewing sarcoma". PLoS ONE 3 (4): e1965. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001965. PMID 18414662. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001965. 

·  ^ Sorensen PH, Lessnick SL, Lopez-Terrada D, Liu XF, Triche TJ, Denny CT (February 1994). "A second Ewing's sarcoma translocation, t(21;22), fuses the EWS gene to another ETS-family transcription factor, ERG". Nat. Genet. 6 (2): 146–51. doi:10.1038/ng0294-146. PMID 8162068. 

·  ^ Jeon IS, Davis JN, Braun BS, et al (March 1995). "A variant Ewing's sarcoma translocation (7;22) fuses the EWS gene to the ETS gene ETV1". Oncogene 10 (6): 1229–34. PMID 7700648. 

·  ^ Bernstein M, Kovar H, Paulussen M, et al (May 2006). "Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: current management". Oncologist 11 (5): 503–19. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-5-503. PMID 16720851. http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16720851. 

·  ^ http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic275.htm eMedicine article on Ewing sarcoma accessed April 24, 2006

·  ^ Lahl M, Fisher VL, Laschinger K (February 2008). "Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: an overview from diagnosis to survivorship". Clin J Oncol Nurs 12 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1188/08.CJON.89-97. PMID 18258578. http://ons.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&doi=10.1188/08.CJON.89-97. 

·  ^ Randall, RL (2005). "Ewing's Sarcoma Family of Tumors (ESFT)". ESUN. http://sarcomahelp.org/learning_center/ewings_sarcoma.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-15. 

·  ^ Asami S, Chin M, Shichino H, et al (March 2008). "Treatment of Ewing sarcoma using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to regulate the cell cycle" ([dead link] – Scholar search). Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31 (3): 391–4. doi:10.1248/bpb.31.391. PMID 18310898. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/bpb/31.391?from=PubMed. 

·  ^ Mateo-Lozano S, Gokhale PC, Soldatenkov VA, Dritschilo A, Tirado OM, Notario V (November 2006). "Combined transcriptional and translational targeting of EWS/FLI-1 in Ewing sarcoma". Clin. Cancer Res. 12 (22): 6781–90. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0609. PMID 17121899. http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17121899. 

·  ^ Myatt SS, Redfern CP, Burchill SA. p38MAPK-Dependent sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors to fenretinide-induced cell death.Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 15;11(8):3136-48.

·  ^ Myatt SS, Burchill SA. The sensitivity of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumours to fenretinide-induced cell death is increased by EWS-Fli1-dependent modulation of p38(MAPK) activity.Oncogene. 2008 Feb 7;27(7):985-96.

·  ^ McTiernan AM, Cassoni AM, Driver D, Michelagnoli MP, Kilby AM, Whelan JS (2006). "Improving Outcomes After Relapse in Ewing Sarcoma: Analysis of 114 Patients From a Single Institution". Sarcoma 2006: 83548. doi:10.1155/SRCM/2006/83548. PMID 17496997. 

·  ^ "ACS :: How Is the Ewing Family of Tumors Staged?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_How_is_Ewings_Family_of_tumors_staged_48.asp?sitearea=.

·  ^ "Primary Malignant Bone Tumors: Tumors of Bones and Joints: Merck Manual Professional". http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec04/ch044/ch044c.html#sec04-ch044-ch044c-1188. Retrieved on 2009-01-04. 

·  ^ Kelley MJ, Korczak JF, Sheridan E, Yang X, Goldstein AM, Parry DM (August 2001). "Familial chordoma, a tumor of notochordal remnants, is linked to chromosome 7q33". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 (2): 454–60. doi:10.1086/321982. PMID 11452362. PMC: 1235318. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)61092-1. 

·  ^ Lee-Jones L, Aligianis I, Davies PA, et al (September 2004). "Sacrococcygeal chordomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex show somatic loss of TSC1 or TSC2". Genes Chromosomes Cancer 41 (1): 80–5. doi:10.1002/gcc.20052. PMID 15236319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gcc.20052. 

·  ^ a b "College student fights his own cancer - Yahoo! News". http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080220/ap_on_re_us/fight_of_his_life. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 

·  ^ "Familial Chordoma Study". http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/ft-NCI-78-C-0039. Retrieved on 2009-02-03. 

·  ^ Chugh R, Tawbi H, Lucas DR, Biermann JS, Schuetze SM, Baker LH (November 2007). "Chordoma: the nonsarcoma primary bone tumor". Oncologist 12 (11): 1344–50. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.12-11-1344. PMID 18055855. http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18055855. 

·  ^ a b Han S, Polizzano C, Nielsen GP, Hornicek FJ, Rosenberg AE, Ramesh V (March 2009). "Aberrant Hyperactivation of Akt and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling in Sporadic Chordomas". Clinical Cancer Research. PMID 19276265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276265. 

·  ^ Fasig JH, Dupont WD, LaFleur BJ, Olson SJ, Cates JM (February 2008). "Immunohistochemical analysis of receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction activity in chordoma.". Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. PMID 17973908. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17973908. 

·  ^ Hallor KH, Staaf J, Jönsson G, Heidenblad M, Vult von Steyern F, Bauer HC, Ijszenga M, Hogendoorn PC, Mandahl N, Szuhai K, Mertens F. (January 2008). "Frequent deletion of the CDKN2A locus in chordoma: analysis of chromosomal imbalances using array comparative genomic hybridisation.". British Journal of Cancer. PMID 18071362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18071362. 

·  ^ Schwab JH, Boland PJ, Agaram NP, Socci ND, Guo T, O'Toole GC, Wang X, Ostroumov E, Hunter CJ, Block JA, Doty S, Ferrone S, Healey JH, Antonescu CR. (March 2009). "Chordoma and chondrosarcoma gene profile: implications for immunotherapy.". Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy. PMID 18641983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641983. 

·  ^ Fuchs B, Dickey ID, Yaszemski MJ, Inwards CY, Sim FH (2005). "Operative management of sacral chordoma". The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 87 (10): 2211–6. doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.02693. PMID 16203885. 

·  ^ Park L, Delaney TF, Liebsch NJ, Hornicek FJ, Goldberg S, Mankin H, Rosenberg AE, Rosenthal DI, Suit HD. Sacral chordomas: Impact of high-dose proton/photon-beam radiation therapy combined with or without surgery for primary versus recurrent tumor.. 

·  ^ Delaney TF, Liebsch NJ, Pedlow FX, Adams J, Dean S, Yeap BY, McManus P, Rosenberg AE, Nielsen GP, Harmon DC, Spiro IJ, Raskin KA, Suit HD, Yoon SS, Hornicek FJ.. Sacral chordomas: Phase II Study of High-Dose Photon/Proton Radiotherapy in the Management of Spine Sarcomas.. 

·  ^ Casali PG, Messina A, Stacchiotti S, et al (2004). "Imatinib mesylate in chordoma". Cancer 101 (9): 2086–97. doi:10.1002/cncr.20618. PMID 15372471. 

·  ^ "The Chordoma Foundation". http://www.chordomafoundation.org/about/history.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-02-20.

·  ^ a b c Raphael E. Pollock, ed (2002). Soft Tissue Sarcomas. American Cancer Society Atlas of Clinical Oncology. BC Decker. ISBN 1055009-128-X. 

·  ^ a b ["http://sarcomahelp.org/learning_center/synovial_sarcoma.html "Synovial Sarcoma"]. "http://sarcomahelp.org/learning_center/synovial_sarcoma.html. 

·  ^ Weiss SW, Goldblum J. "Malignant soft tissue tumors of uncertain type". in Weiss SW, Goldblum JR. Enzinger and Weiss’s Soft Tissue Tumors. St Louis, Missouri: CV Mosby. pp. 1483–1571. 

·  ^ a b Coindre JM (2006). "Grading of soft tissue sarcomas: review and update". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 130 (10): 1448–53. PMID 17090186. 

·  ^ A. S. Paul and others (2003). "The management of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities". Current Orthopaedics 17: 124–133. doi:10.1054/cuor.2002.0314. 

·  ^ Pfeifer JD, Hill DA, O'Sullivan MJ, Dehner LP (2000). "Diagnostic gold standard for soft tissue tumours: morphology or molecular genetics?". Histopathology 37 (6): 485–500. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.01107.x. PMID 11122430.  O'Sullivan MJ, Kyriakos M, Zhu X, et al (2000). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with t(X;18). A pathologic and molecular genetic study". Mod. Pathol. 13 (12): 1336–46. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880247. PMID 11144931.  Coindre JM, Hostein I, Benhattar J, Lussan C, Rivel J, Guillou L (2002). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are t(X;18)-negative sarcomas. Molecular analysis of 25 cases occurring in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients, using two different RT-PCR-based methods of detection". Mod. Pathol. 15 (6): 589–92. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880570. PMID 12065770. 

·  ^ Coindre JM, Pelmus M, Hostein I, Lussan C, Bui BN, Guillou L (2003). "Should molecular testing be required for diagnosing synovial sarcoma? A prospective study of 204 cases". Cancer 98 (12): 2700–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.11840. PMID 14669292. 

·  ^ Ladanyi M, Antonescu CR, Leung DH, et al (2002). "Impact of SYT-SSX fusion type on the clinical behavior of synovial sarcoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study of 243 patients". Cancer Res. 62 (1): 135–40. PMID 11782370. 

·  ^ Lewis JJ, Antonescu CR, Leung DH, et al (2000). "Synovial sarcoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 112 patients with primary localized tumors of the extremity". J. Clin. Oncol. 18 (10): 2087–94. PMID 10811674.

^ a b Ettinger, Stephen J.;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed. ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.

·  ^ myosarcoma at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

·  ^ Brauer VF, Reichenberger F, Müller A, et al (2002). "Successful resection of a re-occurred pulmonary myosarcoma in a patient with turner syndrome mosaic". Sarcoma 6 (4): 141–3. doi:10.1080/1357714021000066395. PMID 18521351. PMC: 2395496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1357714021000066395.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposarcoma

·  ^ "Adult Health Advisor 2005.4: Bacteria in Urine, No Symptoms (Asymptomatic Bacteriuria)". http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_asybac_crs.htm. Retrieved on 2007-08-25. 

·  ^ "Urinary Tract Infections". http://www.braithwaite.yourmd.com/ypol/user/userMain.asp?siteid=1713982&content=userCustomPage&bcx=My%20Doctor^TAB~Web%20Site^MNU~Dr%20S.%20Braithwaite^PST^1713982~UTI^CAT^9&pageid=336989&rndm=0.2728092846502904. Retrieved on 2007-08-25. 

·  ^ askdrsears.com

·  ^ Urethra length is approximately 25–50 mm / 1-2 inches long in females, versus about 20 cm / 8 inches in males.

·  ^ "BestBets: Cranberry Juice for the treatment of UTIs". http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1324. 

·  ^ Urinary Tract Infection - Alternative medicine. Accessed October 4, 2008.

·  ^ Urinary Tract Infection - eMedicine Health. Accessed December 26, 2008.

·  ^ http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch190/ch190w.html

·  ^ "BestBets: Is a short course of antibiotics better than a long course in the treatment of UTI in children". http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=939. 

·  ^ Justice S, Hunstad D, Seed P, Hultgren S (2006). "Filamentation by Escherichia coli subverts innate defenses during urinary tract infection". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (52): 19884–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606329104. PMID 17172451. 

·  ^ http://www.gagazine.com/why-do-girls-get-urinary-tract-infection-more-often-than-boys/

·  ^ Meyhoff H, Nordling J, Gammelgaard P, Vejlsgaard R (1981). "Does antibacterial ointment applied to urethral meatus in women prevent recurrent cystitis?". Scand J Urol Nephrol 15 (2): 81–3. PMID 7036332. 

·  ^ RG Jepson, JC Craig (2008). "Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections.". Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001321. PMID 14973968. 

·  ^ Raz R, Stamm W (1993). "A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections.". N Engl J Med 329 (11): 753–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199309093291102. PMID 8350884. 

·  ^ Aune A, Alraek T, Huo L, Baerheim A (1998). "[Can acupuncture prevent cystitis in women?]". Tidsskr nor Laegeforen 118 (9): 1370–2. PMID 9599500.  (cf acupuncture group, x2 incidents in the sham group, x3 in the control group)

·  ^ Alraek T, Baerheim A (2001). "'An empty and happy feeling in the bladder.. .': health changes experienced by women after acupuncture for recurrent cystitis". Complement Ther Med 9 (4): 219–23. doi:10.1054/ctim.2001.0482. PMID 12184349. 

·  ^ Alraek T, Baerheim A (2003). "The effect of prophylactic acupuncture treatment in women with recurrent cystitis: kidney patients fare better". J Altern Complement Med 9 (5): 651–8. doi:10.1089/107555303322524508. PMID 14629843.  (highlights need for considering different TCM diagnostic categories in acupuncture research)

·  ^ Alraek T, Soedal L, Fagerheim S, Digranes A, Baerheim A (2002). "Acupuncture treatment in the prevention of uncomplicated recurrent lower urinary tract infections in adult women.". Am J Public Health 92 (10): 1609–11. doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1609. PMID 12356607. 

·  ^ KatzAR (2003). "Urinary tract infections and acupuncture". Am J Public Health 93 (5): 702; author reply 702–3. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.5.702. PMID 12721123. 

·  ^ Hanson, LÅ (2004). "Protective effects of breastfeeding against urinary tract infection". Acta Pædiatr (93): 154–156. ISSN 0803-5253. http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/hanson1/. Retrieved on 2008-08-10.

^ a b c d e Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N.. Robbins Basic Pathology ((8th ed.) ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 718–721. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1. 
^ Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al (1999). "Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide". J. Pathol. 189 (1): 12–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 10451482. 
^ a b "FDA Licenses New Vaccine for Prevention of Cervical Cancer". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2006-06-08. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01385.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ a b Lowy DR, Schiller JT (2006). "Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines.". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (5): 1167–73. doi:10.1172/JCI28607. PMID 16670757. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/JCI28607. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ "Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines: Q & A - National Cancer Institute". http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/risk/HPV-vaccine. Retrieved on 2008-07-18. 
^ a b "Cancer Research UK website". http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/cervix/incidence/. Retrieved on 2009-01-03. 
^ a b c DeMay, M (2007). Practical principles of cytopathology. Revised edition.. ISBN 978-0-89189-549-7. 
^ a b c d Canavan TP, Doshi NR (2000). "Cervical cancer.". Am Fam Physician 61 (5): 1369–76. PMID 10735343. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000301/1369.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ Nanda, Rita (2006-06-09). "Cervical cancer". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Institutes of Health. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000893.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ a b "What Causes Cancer of the Cervix?". American Cancer Society. 2006-11-30. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_2X_What_causes_cancer_of_the_cervix_Can_it_be_prevented_8.asp?sitearea=. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Kiviat NB, Kuypers JM, Stine K (2001). "Papanicolaou test screening and prevalence of genital human papillomavirus among women who have sex with women.". Am J Public Health 91 (6): 947–52. PMID 11392939. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11392939. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. 
^ "HPV Type-Detect". Medical Diagnostic Laboratories. 2007-10-30. http://www.mdlab.com/html/testing/hpv_typedetect.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ Gottlieb, Nicole (2002-04-24). "A Primer on HPV". Benchmarks. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/benchmarks-vol2-issue4/page2. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Herrero R, Castellsagué X, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ (2003). "Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer.". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (6): 518–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021641. PMID 12571259. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=12571259&promo=ONFLNS19. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ a b Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Kummer JA, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Peto J, Meijer CJ, Muñoz N (1999). "Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide.". J. Pathol. 189 (1): 12–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 10451482. 
^ Snijders PJ, Steenbergen RD, Heideman DA, Meijer CJ (2006). "HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis: concepts and clinical implications.". J. Pathol. 208 (2): 152–64. doi:10.1002/path.1866. PMID 16362994. 
^ Nader, Carol (2005-02-16). "Expert says circumcision makes sex safer". The Age (Fairfax Media). http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/02/15/1108230001471.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ Rivet C (2003). "Circumcision and cervical cancer. Is there a link?". Can Fam Physician 49: 1096–7. PMID 14526861. http://www.cfpc.ca/cfp/2003/sep/vol49-sep-critical-1.asp. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ Garcia, Agustin; Omid Hamid, Anthony El-Khoueiry (2006-07-06). "Cervical Cancer". eMedicine. WebMD. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic324.htm#section~workup. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ Dolinsky, Christopher (2006-07-17). "Cervical Cancer: The Basics". OncoLink (Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania). http://www.oncolink.upenn.edu/types/article.cfm?c=6&s=17&ss=129&id=8226. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ Erstad, Shannon (2007-01-12). "Cone biopsy (conization) for abnormal cervical cell changes". WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/cone-biopsy-conization-for-abnormal-cervical-cell-changes. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ Jones WB, Mercer GO, Lewis JL, Rubin SC, Hoskins WJ (1993). "Early invasive carcinoma of the cervix.". Gynecol. Oncol. 51 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1006/gyno.1993.1241. PMID 8244170. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0090-8258(83)71241-2. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ Dolson, Laura (2001). "Trachelectomy". http://www.baymoon.com/~gyncancer/library/glossary/bldeftrachelect.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ a b Burnett AF (2006). "Radical trachelectomy with laparoscopic lymphadenectomy: review of oncologic and obstetrical outcomes.". Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 18 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1097/01.gco.0000192968.75190.dc. PMID 16493253. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00001703-200602000-00004. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ Cibula D, Ungár L, Svárovský J, Zivný J, Freitag P (2005). "[Abdominal radical trachelectomy--technique and experience]" (in Czech). Ceska Gynekol 70 (2): 117–22. PMID 15918265. 
^ Plante M, Renaud MC, HoskinsIA, Roy M (2005). "Vaginal radical trachelectomy: a valuable fertility-preserving option in the management of early-stage cervical cancer. A series of 50 pregnancies and review of the literature.". Gynecol. Oncol. 98 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.04.014. PMID 15936061. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0090-8258(05)00270-2. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ Roy M, Plante M, Renaud MC, Têtu B (1996). "Vaginal radical hysterectomy versus abdominal radical hysterectomy in the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer.". Gynecol. Oncol. 62 (3): 336–9. doi:10.1006/gyno.1996.0245. PMID 8812529. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0090-8258(96)90245-0. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ Dargent D, Martin X, Sacchetoni A, Mathevet P (2000). "Laparoscopic vaginal radical trachelectomy: a treatment to preserve the fertility of cervical carcinoma patients.". Cancer 88 (8): 1877–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000415)88:8<1877::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 10760765. 
^ Schlaerth JB, SpirtosNM, Schlaerth AC (2003). "Radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with uterine preservation in the treatment of cervical cancer.". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 188 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1067/mob.2003.124. PMID 12548192. 
^ "FDA Approves First Drug Treatment for Late-Stage Cervical Cancer". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2006-06-15. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01391.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ Tiro JA, Meissner HI, Kobrin S, Chollette V (2007). "What do women in the U.S. know about human papillomavirus and cervical cancer?". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16 (2): 288–94. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0756. PMID 17267388. http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17267388. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ a b "What Are the Key Statistics About Cervical Cancer?". American Cancer Society. 2008-03-26. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_cervical_cancer_8.asp?sitearea=. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. 
^ Saslow D, Runowicz CD, Solomon D, et al (2002). "American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer". CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 52 (6): 342–62. PMID 12469763. 
^ Payne N, Chilcott J, McGoogan E (2000). "Liquid-based cytology in cervical screening: a rapid and systematic review". Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 4 (18): 1–73. PMID 10932023. http://www.hta.ac.uk/execsumm/summ418.htm. 
^ [1]
^ Willis BH, Barton P, Pearmain P, Bryan S, Hyde C (March 2005). "Cervical screening programmes: can automation help? Evidence from systematic reviews, an economic analysis and a simulation modelling exercise applied to the UK". Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 9 (13): 1–207, iii. PMID 15774236. http://www.hta.ac.uk/execsumm/summ913.htm. 
^ Naucler P, Ryd W, Törnberg S, et al (2007). "Human papillomavirus and Papanicolaou tests to screen for cervical cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (16): 1589–97. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa073204. PMID 17942872. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=17942872&promo=ONFLNS19. 
^ "EU approves cervical cancer jab". BBC. 2006-09-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5370504.stm. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ "GSK's HPV Vaccine 100% Effective For Four Years, Data Show". Medical News Today (MediLexicon International Ltd). 2006-02-27. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/38317.php. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ "Cancer jab 'stops 75% of deaths'". BBC. 2006-09-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5311598.stm. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ McNeil C (2006). "Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines?". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (7): 433. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj144. PMID 16595773. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16595773. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ Cornelis J.A. Hogewoning, Maaike C.G. Bleeker, et al. (2003). "Condom use Promotes the Regression of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Clearance of HPV: Randomized Clinical Trial". International Journal of Cancer 107: 811–816. doi:10.1002/ijc.11474. PMID 14566832. 
^ "Semen 'may fuel cervical cancer'". BBC. 2006-08-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5303054.stm. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ "Semen can worsen cervical cancer". Medical Research Council (UK). http://www.mrc.ac.uk/NewsViewsAndEvents/News/MRC002621. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 

^ a b Sedjo RL, Roe DJ, Abrahamsen M, et al (2002). "Vitamin A, carotenoids, and risk of persistent oncogenic human papillomavirus infection". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11 (9): 876–84. PMID 12223432. 
^ a b GiulianoAR, Siegel EM, Roe DJ, et al (2003). "Dietary intake and risk of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: the Ludwig-McGill HPV Natural History Study". J. Infect. Dis. 188 (10): 1508–16. doi:10.1086/379197. PMID 14624376. 
^ a b Yeo AS, Schiff MA, Montoya G, Masuk M, van Asselt-King L, Becker TM (2000). "Serum micronutrients and cervical dysplasia in Southwestern American Indian women". Nutrition and cancer 38 (2): 141–50. doi:10.1207/S15327914NC382_1. PMID 11525590. 
^ Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. (2003). "Serum Retinol Levels and the Risk of Fracture". NEJM 348 (4): 287–294. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021171. PMID 12540641. 
^ Giuliano AR, Siegel EM, Roe DJ, et al (2003). "Dietary intake and risk of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: the Ludwig-McGill HPV Natural History Study". J. Infect. Dis. 188 (10): 1508–16. doi:10.1086/379197. PMID 14624376. 
^ a b GoodmanMT, Shvetsov YB, McDuffie K, et al (2007). "Hawaii cohort study of serum micronutrient concentrations and clearance of incident oncogenic human papillomavirus infection of the cervix". Cancer Res. 67 (12): 5987–96. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0313. PMID 17553901. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/67/12/5987. 
^ Kwaśniewska A, Tukendorf A, Semczuk M (1997). "Content of alpha-tocopherol in blood serum of human Papillomavirus-infected women with cervical dysplasias". Nutrition and cancer 28 (3): 248–51. PMID 9343832. 
^ Piyathilake CJ, Henao OL, Macaluso M, et al (2004). "Folate is associated with the natural history of high-risk human papillomaviruses". Cancer Res. 64 (23): 8788–93. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2402. PMID 15574793. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/23/8788. 
^ Kwaśniewska A, Tukendorf A, Goździcka-Józefiak A, Semczuk-Sikora A, Korobowicz E (2002). "Content of folic acid and free homocysteine in blood serum of human papillomavirus-infected women with cervical dysplasia". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 23 (4): 311–6. PMID 12214730. 
^ Sedjo RL, Papenfuss MR, Craft NE, GiulianoAR (2003). "Effect of plasma micronutrients on clearance of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (United States)". Cancer Causes Control 14 (4): 319–26. doi:10.1023/A:1023981505268. PMID 12846362. 
^ Giuliano AR, Papenfuss M, Nour M, Canfield LM, Schneider A, Hatch K (1997). "Antioxidant nutrients: associations with persistent human papillomavirus infection". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 6 (11): 917–23. PMID 9367065. 
^ Chen D, Auborn K (1999). "Fish oil constituent docosahexa-enoic acid selectively inhibits growth of human papillomavirus immortalized keratinocytes". Carcinogenesis 20 (2): 249–54. doi:10.1093/carcin/20.2.249. PMID 10069461. 
^ "Cervical Cancer". Cervical Cancer: Cancers of the Female Reproductive System: Merck Manual Home Edition. Merck Manual Home Edition. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec22/ch252/ch252d.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-24. 
^ Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology (2002). "ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical carcinomas, number 35, May 2002". Obstetrics and gynecology 99 (5 Pt 1): 855–67. PMID 11978302. 
^ "Cervical Cancer". Cervical Cancer: Pathology, Symptoms and Signs, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. http://www.health.am/cr/cervical-cancer/. 
^ "Cervical cancer statistics and prognosis". Cancer Research UK. http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=9260. Retrieved on 2007-03-24. 
^ World Health Organization (February 2006). "Fact sheet No. 297: Cancer". http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/index.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ "GLOBOCAN 2002 database: summary table by cancer". http://www-dep.iarc.fr/GLOBOCAN/Table1_sel1.htm. Retrieved on 2008-10-26. 
^ SEER cancer statistics
^ http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/cervix/mortality/
^ Noni MacDonald, Matthew B. Stanbrook, and Paul C. Hébert (September 9, 2008). "Human papillomavirus vaccine risk and reality". CMAJ 179 (6). doi:10.1503/cmaj.081238. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/179/6/503. Retrieved on 2008-11-17. 
^ "NCCC National Cervical Cancer Coalition". http://www.nccc-online.org/. Retrieved on 2008-07-01. 
^ Menczer J (2003). "The low incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish women: has the puzzle finally been solved?" (PDF). Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 5 (2): 120–3. PMID 12674663. http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar03feb-11.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
^ Heins Jr, HC; EJ Dennis, HR Pratt-Thomas (1958-10-01). "The possible role of smegma in carcinoma of the cervix.". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 76 (4): 726–33. PMID 13583012. 
 

·         Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, Ferris DG, Jenkins D, Schuind A, Zahaf T, Innis B, Naud P, De Carvalho NS, Roteli-Martins CM, Teixeira J, Blatter MM, Korn AP, Quint W, Dubin G (2004). "Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial.". Lancet 364 (9447): 1757–65. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17398-4. PMID 15541448. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673604173984. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 

·         Peto, J; C Gilham, O Fletcher, FE Matthews (2004-07-17). "The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK.". Lancet 364 (9430): 249–56. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16674-9. PMID 15262102.

·  ^ Bokhman JV (1983). "Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma". Gynecol. Oncol. 15 (1): 10–7. doi:10.1016/0090-8258(83)90111-7. PMID 6822361. 

·  ^ a b Richard Cote, Saul Suster, Lawrence Weiss, Noel Weidner (Editor) (2002). Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set). London: W B Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7253-1. 

·  ^ "Thirteen studies to date have reported on the relationship between endometrial cancer and alcohol consumption. Only two of these studies have reported that endometrial cancer incidence is associated with consumption of alcohol; all the others have reported either no definite association, or an inverse association." (Six studies showed an inverse association; that is, drinking was associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer) "…if such an inverse association exists, it appears to be more pronounced in younger, or premenopausal, women."[3] "Our results suggest that only alcohol consumption equivalent to 2 or more drinks per day increases risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women."

·  ^ Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Nov;197(5):505.e1-7 PMID: 17980190

·  ^ Dotters DJ. Preoperative CA 125 in endometrial cancer: is it useful? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1328-34. PMID 10871446.

·  ^ Brachytherapy. 2008 Mar 19 PMID: 18358790

·  ^ [1] American Cancer Society - Uterine Sarcomas - Hormonal Therapy (accessed 5-25-07)

·  ^ Santin AD, Bellone S, Roman JJ, McKenney JK, Pecorelli S. (2008). "Trastuzumab treatment in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma overexpressing HER2/neu". Int J Gynaecol Obstet 102 (2): 128–31. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.04.008. PMID 18555254.

·  ^ EBSCO database verified by URAC; accessed from Mount Sinai Hospital, New York

·  ^ Piek JMJ (29 October 2004), "Hereditary serous ovarian carcinogenesis, a hypothesis", Doctoral Theses Medicine, Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit, http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/handle/1871/9013 

·  ^ The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 18. Gynecology And Obstetrics Chapter 241. Gynecologic Neoplasms

·  ^ Goff BA, Mandel L, Muntz HG, Melancon CH (November 2000). "Ovarian carcinoma diagnosis". Cancer 89 (10): 2068–75. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20001115)89:10<2068::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 11066047. 

·  ^ Bankhead CR, Kehoe ST, Austoker J (July 2005). "Symptoms associated with diagnosis of ovarian cancer: a systematic review". BJOG 112 (7): 857–65. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00572.x. PMID 15957984. 

·  ^ RyersonAB, Eheman C, Burton J, et al (May 2007). "Symptoms, diagnoses, and time to key diagnostic procedures among older U.S. women with ovarian cancer" ([dead link] – Scholar search). Obstet Gynecol 109 (5): 1053–61. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000260392.70365.5e (inactive 2009-03-01). PMID 17470582. http://www.greenjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17470582. 

·  ^ a b Goff BA, Mandel LS, Melancon CH, Muntz HG (June 2004). "Frequency of symptoms of ovarian cancer in women presenting to primary care clinics". JAMA 291 (22): 2705–12. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2705. PMID 15187051. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15187051. 

·  ^ Chobanian N, Dietrich CS (April 2008). "Ovarian cancer". Surg. Clin. North Am. 88 (2): 285–99, vi. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2007.12.002. PMID 18381114. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039-6109(07)00180-6. 

·  ^ Vo C, Carney ME (December 2007). "Ovarian cancer hormonal and environmental risk effect". Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 34 (4): 687–700, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2007.09.008. PMID 18061864. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889-8545(07)00090-3. 

·  ^ BanderaCA (June 2005). "Advances in the understanding of risk factors for ovarian cancer". J Reprod Med 50 (6): 399–406. PMID 16050564. 

·  ^ Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer, Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C, Peto R, Reeves G (January 2008). "Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls". Lancet 371 (9609): 303–14. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60167-1. PMID 18294997. 

·  ^ Brinton, L.A., Moghissi, K.S., Scoccia, B., Westhoff, C.L., Lamb, E.J. (2005). "Ovulation induction and cancer risk". Fertil. Steril. 83 (2): 261–74; quiz 525–6. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.09.016. PMID 15705362. 

·  ^ Lakhani SR, Manek S, Penault-Llorca F, et al (April 2004). "Pathology of ovarian cancers in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers". Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (7): 2473–81. PMID 15073127. http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15073127. 

·  ^ BBC News Milk link to ovarian cancer risk 29 November 2004

·  ^ "Alcohol consumption and cancer risk". Bandolier. 2007-04-01. http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/hliving/alccan.html. 

·  ^ Kosary, Carol L. (2007), "Chapter 16: Cancers of the Ovary", in Ries, LAG; Young, JL; Keel, GE et al., SEER Survival Monograph: Cancer Survival Among Adults: US SEER Program, 1988-2001, Patient and Tumor Characteristics, SEER Program, NIH Pub. No. 07-6215, Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, pp. 133-144, http://seer.cancer.gov/publications/survival 

·  ^ Goff BA, Mandel LS, Drescher CW, et al (2007). "Development of an ovarian cancer symptom index: possibilities for earlier detection". Cancer 109 (2): 221–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.22371. PMID 17154394. 

·  ^ "Ovarian Cancer Symptoms Consensus Statement" (pdf). http://www.sgo.org/publications/OvarianCancerSymptoms.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. 

·  ^ Ehrlich, P.F., Teitelbaum, D.H., Hirschl, R.B., Rescorla, F. (2007). "Excision of large cystic ovarian tumors: combining minimal invasive surgery techniques and cancer surgery—the best of both worlds". J. Pediatr. Surg. 42 (5): 890–3. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.12.069. PMID 17502206. 

·  ^ McGuire WP, Markman M (December 2003). "Primary ovarian cancer chemotherapy: current standards of care". Br. J. Cancer 89 (Suppl 3): S3–8. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601494. PMID 14661040. 

·  ^ Armstrong DK, Bundy B, Wenzel L, Huang HQ, et al. (January 2006). "Intraperitoneal Cisplatin and Paclitaxel in Ovarian Cancer". NEJM 354 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa052985. PMID 16394300. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/1/34. 

·  ^ Swart AM, Burdett S, Ledermann J, Mook P, Parmar MK (April 2008). "Why i.p. therapy cannot yet be considered as a standard of care for the first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: a systematic review". Ann. Oncol. 19 (4): 688–95. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm518. PMID 18006894. http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18006894. 

·  ^ Survival rates based on SEER incidence and NCHS mortality statistics, as cited by the National Cancer Institute in SEER Stat Fact Sheets - Cancer of the Ovary

·  ^ Bast RC, Brewer M, Zou C, et al (2007). "Prevention and early detection of ovarian cancer: mission impossible?". Recent Results Cancer Res. 174: 91–100. PMID 17302189. 

·  ^ Catone G, Marino G, Mancuso R, Zanghì A (April 2004). "Clinicopathological features of an equine ovarian teratoma". Reprod. Domest. Anim. 39 (2): 65–9. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2003.00476.x. PMID 15065985. 

·  ^ Lefebvre R, Theoret C, Doré M, Girard C, Laverty S, Vaillancourt D (November 2005). "Ovarian teratoma and endometritis in a mare". Can. Vet. J. 46 (11): 1029–33. PMID 16363331. 

·  ^ Son YS, Lee CS, Jeong WI, Hong IH, Park SJ, Kim TH, Cho EM, Park TI, Jeong KS (May 2005). "Cystadenocarcinoma in the ovary of a Thoroughbred mare". Aust. Vet. J. 83 (5): 283–4. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12740.x. PMID 15957389. 

·  ^ Frederico LM, Gerard MP, Pinto CR, Gradil CM (May 2007). "Bilateral occurrence of granulosa-theca cell tumors in an Arabian mare". Can. Vet. J. 48 (5): 502–5. PMID 17542368. 

·  ^ Hoque S, Derar RI, Osawa T, Taya K, Watanabe G, Miyake Y (June 2003). "Spontaneous repair of the atrophic contralateral ovary without ovariectomy in the case of a granulosa theca cell tumor (GTCT) affected mare" ([dead link] – Scholar search). J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65 (6): 749–51. doi:10.1292/jvms.65.749. PMID 12867740. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/jvms/65.749?from=PubMed. 

·  ^ Sedrish SA, McClure JR, Pinto C, Oliver J, Burba DJ (November 1997). "Ovarian torsion associated with granulosa-theca cell tumor in a mare". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 211 (9): 1152–4. PMID 9364230. 

·  ^ Moll HD, Slone DE, Juzwiak JS, Garrett PD (1987). "Diagonal paramedian approach for removal of ovarian tumors in the mare". Vet Surg 16 (6): 456–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.1987.tb00987.x. PMID 3507181. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119849124/abstract. 

·  ^ Doran R, Allen D, Gordon B (January 1988). "Use of stapling instruments to aid in the removal of ovarian tumours in mares". Equine Vet. J. 20 (1): 37–40. PMID 2835223.

·  ^ American Cancer Society (2006). "Cancer facts and Figures 2006". http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2006PWSecured.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-10-13. 

·  ^ "Vulvar Cancer". Gynecologic Neoplasms. 2005. http://www.health.am/cr/vulvar-cancer/. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. 

·  ^ a b International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) (2000). "Staging classification and clinical practice guidelines of gynaecologic cancers". http://www.igcs.org/guidelines/guideline_staging-booklet.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-10-13.

^ "Vaginal Cancer". Gynocologic Malignancies. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. 2005. http://www.health.am/cr/more/vaginal-cancer/. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. 
[Stenchever: Comprehensive Gynecology, 4th ed., Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc.]
·  ^ choriocarcinoma at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

·  ^ Rosenberg S, DePinho RA, Weinberg RE, DeVita VT, Lawrence TS (2008). DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7207-9. OCLC 192027662. 

·  ^ Kufe D (2000). Benedict RC, Holland JF. ed. Cancer medicine (5th ed. ed.). Hamilton, Ont: B.C. Decker. ISBN 1-55009-113-1. OCLC 156944448. 

·  ^ Rustin GJ, Newlands ES, Begent RH, Dent J, Bagshawe KD (1989). "Weekly alternating etoposide, methotrexate, and actinomycin/vincristine and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for the treatment of CNS metastases of choriocarcinoma". J. Clin. Oncol. 7 (7): 900–3. PMID 2472471. 

·  ^ Katzung, Bertram G. (2006). "Cancer Chemotherapy". Basic and clinical pharmacology (10th ed. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. ISBN 0-07-145153-6. OCLC 157011367. 

·  ^ Lurain JR, Singh DK, Schink JC (2006). "Role of surgery in the management of high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia". The Journal of reproductive medicine 51 (10): 773–6. PMID 17086805.

   ^ "Cancer Research UK: Types of penile cancer". http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=22698. Retrieved on 2008-06-24. 

·  ^ "ACS :: What Are the Key Statistics About Penile Cancer?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ "Penis Cancer". http://www.medicinenet.com/penis_cancer/page2.htm. Retrieved on 2008-06-24. 

·  ^ "ACS :: What Are the Risk Factors for Penile Cancer?". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ "bmj.com Rapid Responses for Rickwood et al., 321 (7264) 792-793". http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/321/7264/792#110919. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ "AMA (CSAPH) Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99) Full Text". http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ "racp.edu.au". http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/print.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ "Can Penile Cancer Be Prevented?". American Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_penile_cancer_be_prevented_35.asp. 

·  ^ Kochen M, McCurdy S (1980). "Circumcision and the risk of cancer of the penis. A life-table analysis". Am. J. Dis. Child. 134 (5): 484–6. PMID 7377156. 

·  ^ Ronald L. Poland (1990). "The question of routine neonatal circumcision". The New England Journal of Medicine 22 (18): 1312–1315. http://www.cirp.org/library/general/poland/. 

·  ^ Maden C, Sherman KJ, Beckmann AM, et al (1993). "History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1093/jnci/85.1.19. PMID 8380060. 

·  ^ Schoen EJ, Oehrli M, Colby C, Machin G (2000). "The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer". Pediatrics 105 (3): E36. doi:10.1542/peds.105.3.e36. PMID 10699138. 

·  ^ Tsen HF, Morgenstern H, Mack T, Peters RK (2001). "Risk factors for penile cancer: results of a population-based case-control study in Los AngelesCounty (United States)". Cancer Causes Control 12 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1023/A:1011266405062. PMID 11405332. 

·  ^ a b Dillner J, von Krogh G, Horenblas S, Meijer CJ (2000). "Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis". Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 34 (205): 189–93. doi:10.1080/00365590050509913. PMID 11144896. 

·  ^ Gajalakshmi CK, Shanta V (1993). "Association between cervical and penile cancers in Madras, India". Acta Oncol 32 (6): 617–20. doi:10.3109/02841869309092439. PMID 8260177. 

·  ^ Sánchez Merino JM, Parra Muntaner L, Jiménez Rodríguez M, Valerdiz Casasola S, Monsalve Rodríguez M, García Alonso J (2000). "[Epidermoid carcinoma of the penis]" (in Spanish; Castilian). Arch. Esp. Urol. 53 (9): 799–808. PMID 11196386. 

·  ^ Schoeneich G, Perabo FG, MüllerSC (1999). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis". Andrologia 31 Suppl 1: 17–20. PMID 10643514. 

·  ^ Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Muñoz N, et al (2002). "Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners". N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (15): 1105–12. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011688. PMID 11948269. 

·  ^ Baldwin SB, Wallace DR, Papenfuss MR, Abrahamsen M, Vaught LC, Giuliano AR (2004). "Condom use and other factors affecting penile human papillomavirus detection in men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic". Sex Transm Dis 31 (10): 601–7. PMID 15388997. 

·  ^ Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, Osterlind A, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ (2002). "Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic". Sex Transm Infect 78 (3): 215–8. doi:10.1136/sti.78.3.215. PMID 12238658. 

·  ^ Wallerstein E (February 1985). "Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma". Urol. Clin. North Am. 12 (1): 123–32. PMID 3883617. 

·  ^ Crum C, Jones C, Kirkpatrick P (August 2006). "Quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine". Nature reviews. Drug discovery 5 (8): 629–30. doi:10.1038/nrd2117. PMID 16918020. http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v5/n8/full/nrd2117.html. 

·  ^ Lehtinen M, Paavonen J (2004). "Vaccination against human papillomaviruses shows great promise". Lancet 364 (9447): 1731–2. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17410-2. PMID 15541429. http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/lehtinen1/.

^ a b "IARC Worldwide Cancer Incidence Statistics—Prostate". JNCI Cancer Spectrum. Oxford University Press. December 19, 2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20060205235509/http://www.jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/statContent/cspectfstat;99.  Retrieved on 2007-04-05 through the Internet Archive
^ Aumüller, G. (1979). Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles. Berlin-Heidecool.lberg: Springer-Verlag. 
^ Moore, K.; Dalley, A. (1999). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 
^ Steive, H. (1930). "Männliche Genitalorgane". Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen. Vol. VII Part 2. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1–399. 
^ a b Smith JA, Chan RC, Chang SS, et al (2007). "A comparison of the incidence and location of positive surgical margins in robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and open retropubic radical prostatectomy". J. Urol. 178 (6): 2385–9; discussion 2389–90. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.008. PMID 17936849. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5347(07)01979-9. 
^ Miller, DC; Hafez, KS, Stewart, A, et al (2003). "Prostate carcinoma presentation, diagnosis, and staging: an update from the National Cancer Data Base". Cancer 98: 1169. doi:10.1002/cncr.11635. PMID 12973840. 
^ van der Cruijsen-Koeter, IW; Vis AN, Roobol MJ, Wildhagen MF, de Koning HJ, van der Kwast TH, Schroder FH (July 2005). "Comparison of screen detected and clinically diagnosed prostate cancer in the European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer, section rotterdam". Urol 174 (1): 121–5. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000162061.40533.0f. PMID 15947595. 
^ Hsing, Ann W.; Anand P. Chokkalingam (May 1 2006). "Prostate cancer epidemiology". Frontiers in Bioscience 11: 1388–1413. doi:10.2741/1891. http://www.bioscience.org/2006/v11/af/1891/fulltext.htm. 
^ Hankey, BF; Feuer EJ, Clegg LX, Hayes RB, Legler JM, Prorok PC, Ries LA, Merrill RM, Kaplan RS (June 16 1999). "Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer—part I: Evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates". J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (12): 1017–24. doi:10.1093/jnci/91.12.1017. PMID 10379964. 
^ Breslow, N; Chan CW, Dhom G, Drury RA, Franks LM, Gellei B, Lee YS, Lundberg S, Sparke B, Sternby NH, Tulinius H. (November 15 1977). "Latent carcinoma of prostate at autopsy in seven areas. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France". Int J Cancer 20 (5): 680–8. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910200506. PMID 924691. 
^ Jemal A; Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ (Jan-February 2005). "Cancer statistics, 2005". CA Cancer J Clin 55 (1): 10–30. PMID 15661684.  Erratum in: CA Cancer J Clin. 2005 Jul-Aug;55(4):259
^ Hoffman, RM; Gilliland FD; Eley JW; Harlan LC; Stephenson RA; Stanford JL; Albertson PC; Hamilton AS; Hunt WC; Potosky AL (March 7 2001). "Racial and ethnic differences in advanced-stage prostate cancer: the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study". J Natl Cancer Inst 93 (5): 388–95. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.5.388. PMID 11238701. 
^ Steinberg, GD; Carter BS; Beaty TH; Childs B; Walsh PC (1990). "Family history and the risk of prostate cancer". Prostate 17 (4): 337–47. doi:10.1002/pros.2990170409. PMID 2251225. 
^ Lichtenstein, P; Holm NV; Verkasalo PK; Iliadou A; Kaprio J; Koskenvuo M; Pukkala E; Skytthe A; Hemminki K (July 13 2000). "Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland". N Engl J Med 343 (2): 78–85. doi:10.1056/NEJM200007133430201. PMID 10891514. 
^ Struewing, JP; Hartge P; Wacholder S; Baker SM; Berlin M; McAdams M; Timmerman MM; Brody LC; Tucker MA (May 15 1997). "The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews". N Engl J Med 336 (20): 1401–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199705153362001. PMID 9145676. 
^ Peters U, Leitzmann MF, Chatterjee N, Wang Y, Albanes D, Gelmann EP, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB (2007). "Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16 (5): 962–8. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0861. PMID 17507623. http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17507623. Retrieved on 2007-12-17. 
^ Schulman, CC; Ekane S; ZlottaAR (September 2001). "Nutrition and prostate cancer: evidence or suspicion?". Urology 58 (3): 318–34. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01262-6. PMID 11549473. 
^ Jacobs, EJ; Rodriguez C, Mondul AM, Connell CJ, Henley SJ, Calle EE, Thun MJ (July 6 2005). "A large cohort study of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer incidence". J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (13): 975–80. PMID 15998950. 
^ Shannon, J; Tewoderos S, Garzotto M, Beer TM, Derenick R, Palma A, FarrisPE (August 15 2005). "Statins and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study". Am J Epidemiol 162 (4): 318–25. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi203. PMID 16014776.  Epub 2005 July 13
^ Dennis, LK; Lynch CF; Torner JC (July 2002). "Epidemiologic association between prostatitis and prostate cancer". Urology 60 (1): 78–83. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01637-0. PMID 12100928. 
^ Calle, EE; Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (April 24 2003). "Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults". N Engl J Med 348 (17): 1625–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021423. PMID 12711737. 
^ Gann, PH; Hennekens CH, Ma J, Longcope C, Stampfer MJ (August 21 1996). "Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst 88 (16): 1118–26. doi:10.1093/jnci/88.16.1118. PMID 8757191. 
^ "Veterans exposed to Agent Orange have higher rates of prostate cancer recurrence". Medical College of Georgia News. May 20, 2007. https://my.mcg.edu/portal/page/portal/News/archive/2007/Veterans%20exposed%20to%20Agent%20%20Orange%20have%20higher%20rates%20of%20prost. 
^ Essink-Bot, ML; de Koning HJ, Nijs HG, Kirkels WJ, van der Maas PJ, Schroder FH (June 17 1998). "Short-term effects of population-based screening for prostate cancer on health-related quality of life". J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (12): 925–31. doi:10.1093/jnci/90.12.925. PMID 9637143. 
^ Chuang AY, Demarzo AM, Veltri RW, Sharma RB, Bieberich CJ, Epstein JI (2007). "Immunohistochemical Differentiation of High-grade Prostate Carcinoma From Urothelial Carcinoma". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 31 (8): 1246–1255. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31802f5d33. PMID 17667550. 
^ Iyer M, Salazar FB, Lewis X, Zhang L, Wu L, Carey M and Gambhir SS. Non-invasive imaging of a transgenic mouse model using a prostate-specific two-step transcriptional amplification strategy. Transg Res.2005; 14(1): 47–55
^ A Prostate Cancer Revolution. Newsweek, April 26, 2007.
^ Hansel DE, DeMarzo AM, Platz EA, et al (2007). "Early prostate cancer antigen expression in predicting presence of prostate cancer in men with histologically negative biopsies". J. Urol. 177 (5): 1736–40. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.013. PMID 17437801. 
^ Sartor AO, Hricak H, Wheeler TM, et al (December 2008). "Evaluating localized prostate cancer and identifying candidates for focal therapy". Urology 72 (6 Suppl): S12–24. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2008.10.004. PMID 19095124. 
^ Ronquist G, Carlsson L, Larsson A, Nilsson BO: "Prostasomes: Proceedings from a symposium held at the Wenner-Gren Centre, Stockholm, June 2001" pp. 1-9. Portland Press , London
^ Wigle DT, Turner MC, Gomes J, Parent ME (March 2008). "Role of hormonal and other factors in human prostate cancer". J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 11 (3-4): 242–59. doi:10.1080/10937400701873548. PMID 18368555. 
^ Strom, SS; Yamamura Y, Duphorne CM, Spitz MR, Babaian RJ, Pillow PC, Hursting SD (1999). "Phytoestrogen intake and prostate cancer: a case-control study using a new database". Nutr Cancer 33 (1): 20–5. PMID 10227039.  Erratum in: Nutr Cancer 2000;36(2):243.
^ Steiner, MS; Pound, CR, Gingrich, JR, et al. (2002). "Acapodene (GTx-006) reduces high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in phase II clinical trial (abstract)". Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21: 180a. 
^ Price, D; Stein, B, Goluboff, E, et al. (2005). "Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of toremifene for the prevention of prostate cancer in men with high-grade prostatic intrapeithelial neoplasia (abstract)". J Clin Oncol 23: 106s. 
^ Thompson, IM; Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Ford LG, Lieber MM, Cespedes RD, Atkins JN, Lippman SM, Carlin SM, Ryan A, Szczepanek CM, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA Jr. (July 17 2003). "The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer". N Engl J Med 349 (3): 215–24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030660. PMID 12824459. 
^ Andriole, GL; Roehrborn C, Schulman C, Slawin KM, Somerville M, Rittmaster RS (September 2004). "Effect of dutasteride on the detection of prostate cancer in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia". Urology 64 (3): 537–41; discussion 542–3. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.084. PMID 15351586. 
^ Gine Kolata. "New Take on a Prostate Drug, and a New Debate". NY Times date = June 15, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/health/15prostate.html?ei=5087&em=&en=813eaa4e10f57756&ex=1213675200&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1213503418-GD4DbGjYsDxqV/xuGWnE1A. Retrieved on 2008-06-15. 
^ a b Potosky A, Miller B, Albertsen P, Kramer B (2008). "Finasteride Does Not Increase the Risk of High-Grade Prostate Cancer: A Bias-Adjusted Modeling Approach". Cancer Prevention Research Published Online First on May 18, 2008 as 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0092: 174. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0092. http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/cgi/rapidpdf/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0092v1. 
^ Lee AH, Fraser ML, Meng X, Binns CW (April 2006). "Protective effects of green tea against prostate cancer". Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 6 (4): 507–13. doi:10.1586/14737140.6.4.507. PMID 16613539. 
^ Kikuchi N, Ohmori K, Shimazu T, et al (August 2006). "No association between green tea and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: the Ohsaki Cohort Study". Br. J. Cancer 95 (3): 371–3. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603230. PMID 16804523. 
^ Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, Castagnetti G, Peracchia G, Corti A (2006). "Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study". Cancer Res 66 (2): 1234–40. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1145. PMID 16424063. 
^ "Multivitamin prostate warning". Health. BBC NEWS. 2007-05-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6657795.stm. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 
^ Lawson KA, Wright ME, Subar A, Mouw T, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann MF (May 2007). "Multivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99 (10): 754–64. doi:10.1093/jnci/djk177. PMID 17505071. 
^ "Broccoli May Help Cut Prostate Cancer, Broccoli, Cauliflower May Make Aggressive Prostate Cancer Less Likely". CBS News. 2007-07-24. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/07/24/health/webmd/main3094509.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 
^ Kirsh VA, Peters U, Mayne ST, Subar AF, Chatterjee N, Johnson CC, Hayes RB (August 2007). "Prospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99 (15): 1200–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm065. PMID 17652276. 
^ Sarkar FH, Li Y (December 2004). "Indole-3-carbinol and prostate cancer". J. Nutr. 134 (12 Suppl): 3493S–3498S. PMID 15570059. 
^ Hsu JC, Zhang J, Dev A, Wing A, Bjeldanes LF, Firestone GL (November 2005). "Indole-3-carbinol inhibition of androgen receptor expression and downregulation of androgen responsiveness in human prostate cancer cells". Carcinogenesis 26 (11): 1896–904. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi155. PMID 15958518. http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/11/1896. Retrieved on 2008-09-12. 
^ Giles GG, Severi G, English DR, McCredie MR, Borland R, Boyle P, Hopper JL (August 2003). "Sexual factors and prostate cancer". BJU Int. 92 (3): 211–6. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04319.x. PMID 12887469. 
^ Leitzmann, Michael F. (April 7 2004). "Ejaculation Frequency and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer". JAMA 291 (13): 1578–86. doi:10.1001/jama.291.13.1578. 2004;291:1578-1586. PMID 15069045. PMID: 15069045
^ Douglas Fox (2003-07-16). "Masturbating may protect against prostate cancer". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3942-masturbating-may-protect-against-prostate-cancer.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 
^ Leitzmann MF, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Giovannucci E (April 2004). "Ejaculation frequency and subsequent risk of prostate cancer". JAMA 291 (13): 1578–86. doi:10.1001/jama.291.13.1578. PMID 15069045. 
^ Dimitropoulou, Polyxeni; Artitaya Lophatananon, Douglas Easton, Richard Pocock, David P. Dearnaley, Michelle Guy, Steven Edwards, Lynne O'Brien, Amanda Hall, Rosemary Wilkinson, Rosalind Eeles, Kenneth R. Muir (November 11 2008). "Sexual activity and prostate cancer risk in men diagnosed at a younger age" (in english). BJU International 103 (2): 178-185. OCLC 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08030.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08030.x. 
^ Berquin IM, Min Y, Wu R, et al (July 2007). "Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids". J. Clin. Invest. 117 (7): 1866–75. doi:10.1172/JCI31494. PMID 17607361. 
^ a b Gann, PH and Giovannucci (2005). "Prostate Cancer and Nutrition" (PDF). http://www.prostatecancerfoundation.org/atf/cf/%7B705B3273-F2EF-4EF6-A653-E15C5D8BB6B1%7D/Nutrition_Guide.pdf. Retrieved on February 20 2006.  in .pdf format.
^ a b c Männistö S, Pietinen P, Virtanen MJ, Salminen I, Albanes D, Giovannucci E, Virtamo J (December 2003). "Fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study in male smokers" (PDF). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 12 (12): 1422–8. PMID 14693732. http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/12/1422.pdf. 
^ Chavarro et al., "A prospective study of blood trans fatty acid levels and risk of prostate cancer," Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res., Volume 47, 2006 [1].
^ a b c Crowe FL, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Overvad K, Aardestrup IV, Johnsen NF, Tjønneland A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Zavitsanou A, Trichopoulos D, Sacerdote C, Palli D, Tumino R, Agnoli C, Kiemeney LA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Quirós JR, Sánchez MJ, González CA, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ (November 2008). "Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88 (5): 1353–63. PMID 18996872. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/5/1353. 
^ a b Kurahashi N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane AS (April 2008). "Dairy product, saturated fatty acid, and calcium intake and prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of Japanese men". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17 (4): 930–7. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2681. PMID 18398033. 
^ "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets". J Am Diet Assoc 103 (6): 748–65. 2003. doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50142. PMID 12778049. 
^ Gerald L. Andriole, M.D., Robert L. Grubb, III, M.D., Saundra S. Buys, M.D., David Chia, Ph.D., Timothy R. Church, Ph.D., Mona N. Fouad, M.D., Edward P. Gelmann, M.D., et al (2009-03-18). "Mortality Results from a Randomized Prostate-Cancer Screening Trial". The New England Journal of Medicine. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0810696. Retrieved on 2009-03-19. 
^ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/19/health/19cancer.html?em
^ Schröder,, Fritz H.; et.al. (March 18, 2009). "Screening and Prostate-Cancer Mortality in a Randomized European Study". NEJM. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0810084. Retrieved on 2009-03-24. 
^ Andriole, Gerald L.; et.al. (March 18, 2009). "Mortality Results from a Randomized Prostate-Cancer Screening Trial". NEJM. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0810696. Retrieved on 2009-03-24. 
^ http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Prostate_Cancer_Screening_Weigh_Risks_Benefits_With_Your_Doctor.asp
^ http://www.auanet.org/content/press/press_releases/article.cfm?articleNo=106 AUA statement March 2009 following publication of U.S. and European large scale screening effectiveness trial results
^ USPSTF (December 2002). "Screening for Prostate Cancer". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsprca.htm.  USPSTF (December 3, 2002). "Screening for prostate cancer: recommendation and rationale" (PDF). Ann Intern Med 137 (11): 915–6. PMID 12458992. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/137/11/915.pdf. 
Harris R, Lohr KN (December 3, 2002). "Screening for prostate cancer: an update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" (PDF). Ann Intern Med 137 (11): 917–29. PMID 12458993. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/137/11/917.pdf. 
^ Arias E (April 19, 2006). "United States Life Tables, 2003" (PDF). Natl Vital Stat Rep 54 (14): 1–40. PMID 16681183. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_14.pdf. 
^ von Eschenbach A, Ho R, Murphy GP, Cunningham M, Lins N (September-October 1997). "American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 1997" (PDF). CA Cancer J Clin 47 (5): 261–4. doi:10.3322/canjclin.47.5.261. PMID 9314820. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/47/5/261.pdf.  ACS (March 28, 2007). "Prostate Cancer: Early Detection". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_2_3X_ACS_Cancer_Detection_Guidelines_36.asp. Retrieved on 2007-11-19. 
Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ (March-April 2007). "Cancer screening in the United States, 2007: a review of current guidelines, practices, and prospects" (PDF). CA Cancer J Clin 57 (2): 90–104. PMID 17392386. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/57/2/90.pdf. 
Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ (January-February 2006). "American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2006" (PDF). CA Cancer J Clin 56 (1): 11–25. PMID 16449183. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/57/2/90.pdf. 
^ ACS (March 29, 2007). "Chronological History of ACS Recommendations on Early Detection of Cancer". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_2_3X_Chronological_History_of_ACS_Recommendations_on_Early_Detection_of_Cancer.asp. 
^ NCCN (May 10, 2007). "Prostate Cancer Early Detection V.2.2007" (PDF). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/prostate_detection.pdf. 
^ "Study suggests value of regular PSA tests for tracking prostate cancer". Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. July 2004. http://www.hms.harvard.edu/news/pressreleases/df/0704prostate_test.html.  Kladko B (August 15, 2005). "Prostate cancer test gets another look". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/men/articles/2005/08/15/prostate_cancer_test_gets_another_look/?page=full. 
^ Strum SB, Pogliano D (May 2005). "What every doctor who treats male patients should know" (PDF). PCRI Insights 8 (2): 4–5. http://www.prostate-cancer.org/resource/pdf/Is8-2.pdf. 
^ AUA (2008). "Prostate Cancer Patient Guide" (PDF). AUA Patient Guidelines. http://www.auanet.org/guidelines/patient_guides/pc08.pdf. 
^ a b Ross LE, Coates RJ, Breen N, Uhler RJ, Potosky AL, Blackman D (2004). "Prostate-specific antigen test use reported in the 2000 National Health Interview Survey". Prev Med 38 (6): 732–44. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.005. PMID 15193893. 
^ Lewis MH, Gohagan JK, Merenstein DJ (2007). "The locality rule and the physician's dilemma: local medical practices vs the national standard of care". JAMA 297 (23): 2633–7. doi:10.1001/jama.297.23.2633. PMID 17579232. 
^ Merenstein D (2004). "Winners and losers". JAMA 291 (1): 15–6. doi:10.1001/jama.291.1.15. PMID 14709561. 
^ De Angelis G, Rittenhouse HG, Mikolajczyk SD, Blair Shamel L, Semjonow A (2007). "Twenty years of PSA: from prostate antigen to tumor marker". Rev Urol 9 (3): 113–23. PMID 17934568. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2002501&blobtype=pdf. 
^ Swan J, Breen N, Coates RJ, Rimer BK, Lee NC (2003). "Progress in cancer screening practices in the United States: results from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey". Cancer 97 (6): 1528–40. doi:10.1002/cncr.11208. PMID 12627518. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/103521394/PDFSTART. 
^ Ward E, Halpern M, Schrag N, Cokkinides V, DeSantis C, Bandi P, Siegel R, Stewart A, Jemal A (Jan-February 2008). "Association of insurance with cancer care utilization and outcomes" (PDF). CA Cancer J Clin 58 (1): 9–31. doi:10.3322/CA.2007.0011. PMID 18096863. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/58/1/9.pdf. 
^ Beaulac JA, Fry RN, Onysko J (2006). "Lifetime and recent prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening of men for prostate cancer in Canada". Can J Public Health 97 (3): 171–6. PMID 16827400. 
^ Gibbons L, Waters C (May 2003). "Prostate cancer--testing, incidence, surgery and mortality" (PDF). Health Rep 14 (3): 9–20. PMID 12816012. http://www.statcan.ca/english/studies/82-003/archive/2003/14-3-a.pdf. 
^ Chodak, GW; Keller P, Schoenberg HW (May 1989). "Assessment of screening for prostate cancer using the digital rectal examination". J Urol 141 (5): 1136–8. PMID 2709500. 
^ Krahn, MD; Mahoney JE, Eckman MH, Trachtenberg J, Pauker SG, Detsky AS (September 14 1994). "Screening for prostate cancer.. A decision analytic view". JAMA 272 (10): 773–80. doi:10.1001/jama.272.10.773. PMID 7521400. 
^ Catalona WJ (August 16, 2007). "How I manage a patient with a newly elevated PSA" (PDF). 2007 CDC Cancer Conference. http://www.cdccancerconference.net/Presentations/ET2.0/ET2.0_Catalona.pdf. 
^ Kolota G (May 30, 2004). "It was medical gospel, but it wasn't true". The New York Times: 4.7. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E5DD1E3EF933A05756C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. 
Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Lippman SM, Crawford ED, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA Jr (May 27, 2004). "Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter". N Engl J Med 350 (22): 2239–46. PMID 15163773. 
Carter HB (May 27, 2004). "Prostate cancers in men with low PSA levels--must we find them?". N Engl J Med 350 (22): 2292–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMe048003. PMID 15163780. 
Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Flanigan RC, deKernion JB, Ratliff TL, Kavoussi LR, Dalkin BL, et al. (May 1994). "Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men". J Urol 151 (5): 1283–90. PMID 7512659. 
FDA (August 29, 1994). "FDA approves test for prostate cancer". http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00598.html. 
^ Roobol, MJ; Kranse R, de Koning HJ, Schroder FH (February 2004). "Prostate-specific antigen velocity at low prostate-specific antigen levels as screening tool for prostate cancer: results of second screening round of ERSPC (ROTTERDAM)". Urology 63 (2): 309–13; discussion 313–5. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2003.09.083. PMID 14972478. 
^ Catalona, WJ; Richie JP, deKernion JB, Ahmann FR, Ratliff TL, Dalkin BL, Kavoussi LR, MacFarlane MT, Southwick PC (December 1994). "Comparison of prostate specific antigen concentration versus prostate specific antigen density in the early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves". J Urol 152 (6 Pt 1): 2031–6. PMID 7525994. 
^ Hoffman, RM; Clanon DL, Littenberg B, Frank JJ, Peirce JC (October 2000). "Using the free-to-total prostate-specific antigen ratio to detect prostate cancer in men with nonspecific elevations of prostate-specific antigen levels". J Gen Intern Med 15 (10): 739–48. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.90907.x. PMID 11089718. 
^ Partin, AW; Brawer MK; Bartsch G; Horninger W; Taneja SS; Lepor H; Babaian R; Childs SJ; Stamey T; Fritsche HA; Sokoll L; Chan DW; Thiel RP; Cheli CD (November 2003). "Complexed prostate specific antigen improves specificity for prostate cancer detection: results of a prospective multicenter clinical trial". J Urol 170 (5): 1787–91. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000092695.55705.dd. PMID 14532777. 
^ Mouraviev V, Evans B, Polascik TJ (2006). "Salvage prostate cryoablation after primary interstitial brachytherapy failure: a feasible approach". Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 9 (1): 99–101. doi:10.1038/sj.pcan.4500853. PMID 16314889. 
^ "Prostate Cancer At A Glance". ShaveMagazine.com. http://www.shavemagazine.com/body/health/090401/2. 
^ Wu, H; Sun L, Moul JW, Wu HY, McLeod DG, Amling C, Lance R, Kusuda L, Donahue T, Foley J, Chung A, Sexton W, Soderdahl D (March 2004). "Watchful waiting and factors predictive of secondary treatment of localized prostate cancer". J Urol 171 (3): 1111–6. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000113300.74132.8b. PMID 14767282. 
^ Robson, M; Dawson N (June 1996). "How is androgen-dependent metastatic prostate cancer best treated?". Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 10 (3): 727–47. doi:10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70364-6. PMID 8773508.  Review.
^ Loblaw, DA; Mendelson DS, Talcott JA, Virgo KS, Somerfield MR, Ben-Josef E, Middleton R, Porterfield H, Sharp SA, Smith TJ, Taplin ME, Vogelzang NJ, Wade JL Jr, Bennett CL, Scher HI; American Society of Clinical Oncology (July 15 2004). "American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations for the initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer". J Clin Oncol 22 (14): 2927–41. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.04.579. PMID 15184404.  Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2004 November 1;22(21):4435.
^ de Bono, Johann; Gerhardt Attard, Alison H.M. Reid, Timothy A. Yap, Florence Raynaud, Mitch Dowsett, Sarah Settatree, Mary Barrett, Christopher Parker, Vanessa Martins, Elizabeth Folkerd, Jeremy Clark, Colin S. Cooper, Stan B. Kaye, David Dearnaley, Gloria Lee (July 21 2004). "Phase I Clinical Trial of a Selective Inhibitor of CYP17, Abiraterone Acetate, Confirms That Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Commonly Remains Hormone Driven". J Clin Oncol: online. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9749. PMID 15184404. http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/JCO.2007.15.9749v1.  Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. Early Release, published ahead of print July 21, 2008
^ Richard Warry (July 22, 2008). "Drug for deadly prostate cancer". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7517414.stm. Retrieved on 2008-07-23. 
^ Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, et al (2005). "Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (19): 1977–84. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043739. PMID 15888698. 
^ PreventProstateCancer.info: A Brief Overview of Prostate Cancer [2]
^ "Cryosurgical system for destroying tumors by freezing". http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5334181.html. Retrieved on 1994-08-02. 
^ Bahn, DK; Lee F, Badalament R, Kumar A, Greski J, Chernick M (August 2002). "Targeted cryoablation of the prostate: 7-year outcomes in the primary treatment of prostate cancer". Urology 60 (2 Suppl 1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01678-3. PMID 12206842. 
^ Gerber, GS; Thisted RA, Scardino PT, Frohmuller HG, Schroeder FH, Paulson DF, Middleton AW Jr, Rukstalis DB, Smith JA Jr, Schellhammer PF, Ohori M, Chodak GW (August 28 1996). "Results of radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer". JAMA 276 (8): 615–9. doi:10.1001/jama.276.8.615. PMID 8773633. 
^ Nag, S; Beyer D, Friedland J, Grimm P, Nath R (? 1999). "American Brachytherapy Society Recommendations for Transperineal Permanent Brachytherapy of Prostate Cancer". Int. J. Rad. Onc. Biol. Phys. 44 (4): 789–799. ?.  Review.
^ Perez, CA; Hanks GE, Leibel SA, Zietman AL, Fuks Z, Lee WR (December 1 1993). "Localized carcinoma of the prostate (stages T1B, T1C, T2, and T3). Review of management with external beam radiation therapy". Cancer 72 (11): 3156–73. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19931201)72:11<3156::AID-CNCR2820721106>3.0.CO;2-G. PMID 7694785.  Review.
^ D'Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, DellaCroce A, Kantoff PW (2004). "6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA 292 (7): 821–7. doi:10.1001/jama.292.7.821. PMID 15315996. 
^ Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J (2009). "Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial.". J Urol 181: 956-62. PMID 19167731. 
^ Kupelian, PA title=Comparison of the efficacy of local therapies for localized prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen era: a large single-institution experience with radical prostatectomy and external-beam radiotherapy. (2002). J Clinc Oncol 20 (16). PMID 12177097. 
^ Lawton, CA; Won M, Pilepich MV, Asbell SO, Shipley WU, Hanks GE, Cox JD, Perez CA, Sause WT, Doggett SR, et al (September 1991). "Long-term treatment sequelae following external beam irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the prostate: analysis of RTOG studies 7506 and 7706". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21 (4): 935–9. PMID 1917622. 
^ Brenner, DJ; Curtis RE, Hall EJ, Ron E (January 15 2000). "Second malignancies in prostate carcinoma patients after radiotherapy compared with surgery". Cancer 88 (2): 398–406. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000115)88:2<398::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 10640974. 
^ a b Thomas A. Gardner and Michael A Koch, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis. Prostate Cancer Therapy with High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Comprehensive Review. Clinical Genitourinary Cancer Vol 4. No.3, 2005.
^ a b Toyoaki Uchida, et al. Five years experience of transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound using the Sonablate device in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Dept of Urology University of Tokai Hachioji Hospital. International Journal of Urology
^ Tom Pickles, Larry Goldenberg, Gary Steinhoff. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Prostate Cancer. British Columbia Cancer Agency http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/08EA1C8E-4345-4C7E-A83A-1F84853A1C27/8101/HIFUreport2005Feb10revised1.pdf
^ Tannock, IF; de Wit R, Berry WR, Horti J, Pluzanska A, Chi KN, Oudard S, Theodore C, James ND, Turesson I, Rosenthal MA, Eisenberger MA; TAX 327 Investigators (October 7 2004). "Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer". N Engl J Med 351 (15): 1502–12. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040720. PMID 1547021. 
^ Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, Tchekmedyian S, Venner P, Lacombe L, Chin JL, Vinholes JJ, Goas JA, Chen B (2002). "A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma". J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (19): 1458–68. PMID 12359855. 
^ Ornish, D; Weidner G, Fair WR, et al. (2005). "Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer". J Urol 174 (3): 1065–70. PMID 16094059. 
^ Frattaroli, J; Weidner G, Kemp C, et al. (July 2008). "Clinical events in Prostate CAncer Lifestyle Trial: Results from two years of follow-up". Urology epub ahead of print. PMID 18602144. 
^ Pantuck, AJ; Leppert JT, Zomorodian N, et al. (2006). "Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer". Clin Cancer Res 12 (13): 4018–26. PMID 16818701. 
^ Kumar, NB; Cantor A, Allen K, et al. (2004). "The specific role of isoflavones in reducing prostate cancer risk". Prostate 59 (2): 141–7. PMID 15042614. 
^ Yarnell, E (1999). "A naturopathic approach to prostate cancer. Part 2: Guidelines for treatment and prevention". Altern Complemen Ther 5 (6): 360–8. 
^ http://yedda.com/questions/Low_fat_milk_causes_prostate_cancer_7351021963170/
^ ACS :: What Are The Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer?
^ Jemal, A; Murray T; Ward E; Samuels A; Tiwari RC; Ghafoor A; Feuer EJ; Thun MJ (Jan-February 2005). "Cancer statistics, 2005". CA Cancer J Clin 55 (1): 10–30. PMID 15661684.  Erratum in: CA Cancer J Clin. 2005 Jul-Aug;55(4):259.
^ Wakai, K (February 2005). "Descriptive epidemiology of prostate cancer in Japan and Western countries". Nippon Rinsho 63 (2): 207–12. PMID 15714967.  Review. (Japanese)
^ Yeole, BB; Sunny L (Jun-December 2001). "Population based survival from prostate cancer in Mumbai (Bombay), India". Indian J Cancer 38 (2–4): 126–32. PMID 1259345. 
^ Hsing, AW; Tsao L, Devesa SS (January 1 2000). "International trends and patterns of prostate cancer incidence and mortality". Int J Cancer 85 (1): 60–7. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000101)85:1<60::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 10585584. 
^ Osegbe, DN (April 1997). "Prostate cancer in Nigerians: facts and nonfacts". J Urol 157 (4): 1340–3. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64966-8. PMID 9120935. 
^ Di Blasio CJ, Rhee AC, Cho D, Scardino PT, Kattan MW (2003). "Predicting clinical end points: treatment nomograms in prostate cancer". Semin Oncol 30 (5): 567–86. doi:10.1016/S0093-7754(03)00351-8. PMID 14571407. 
^ Huggins C, Steven RE and Hodges CV, Studies on prostatic cancer. Arch. Sug. 43:209–223, 1941.
^ Hellerstedt BA and Pienta KJ, The current state of hormonal therapy for prostate cancer, CA Cancer J. Clin. 52: 154–179, 2002.PMID 12018929
^ Feldman BJ, Feldman D. The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2001 Oct;1(1):34–45. PMID 11900250
^ Chuu CP, Hiipakka RA, Fukuchi J, Kokontis JM, Liao S. Androgen causes growth suppression and reversion of androgen-independent prostate cancer xenografts to an androgen-stimulated phenotype in athymic mice. Cancer Res. 2005 March 15;65(6):2082–4. PMID 15781616
^ Chuu CP, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Fukuchi J, Chen RY, Liao S. Inhibition of tumor growth and progression of LNCaP prostate cancer cells in athymic mice by androgen and liver X receptor agonist. Cancer Res. 2006 July 1;66(13):6482–6. PMID 16818617
^ Gupta S, Hastak K, Ahmad N, Lewin JS, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 August 28;98(18):10350-5. PMID 11504910
^ Cooperberg MR, Pasta DJ, Elkin EP, et al (June 2005). "The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score: a straightforward and reliable preoperative predictor of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy". J. Urol. 173 (6): 1938–42. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000158155.33890.e7. PMID 15879786. 
^ Cooperberg MR, Freedland SJ, Pasta DJ, et al (November 2006). "Multiinstitutional validation of the UCSF cancer of the prostate risk assessment for prediction of recurrence after radical prostatectomy". Cancer 107 (10): 2384–91. doi:10.1002/cncr.22262. PMID 17039503. 
^ May M, Knoll N, Siegsmund M, et al (November 2007). "Validity of the CAPRA score to predict biochemical recurrence-free survival after radical prostatectomy. Results from a european multicenter survey of 1,296 patients". J. Urol. 178 (5): 1957–62; discussion 1962. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.07.043. PMID 17868719. 
^ Zhao KH, Hernandez DJ, Han M, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Partin AW (August 2008). "External validation of University of California, San Francisco, Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score". Urology 72 (2): 396–400. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.11.165. PMID 18372031. 
^ Overview: Prostate Cancer—What Causes Prostate Cancer? American Cancer Society (2006-05-02). Retrieved on 2007-04-05
^ Prostate Cancer FAQs. State University of New York School of Medicine Department of Urology (2006-08-31). Retrieved on 2007-04-05
^ Potosky A, Miller B, Albertsen P, Kramer B (1995). "The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer". JAMA 273 (7): 548–52. doi:10.1001/jama.273.7.548. PMID 7530782. 
^ Gine Kolata (June 15, 2008). "New Take on a Prostate Drug, and a New Debate". NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/health/15prostate.html?ei=5087&em=&en=813eaa4e10f57756&ex=1213675200&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1213503418-GD4DbGjYsDxqV/xuGWnE1A. Retrieved on 2008-06-15. 
^ Adams, J. The case of scirrhous of the prostate gland with corresponding affliction of the lymphatic glands in the lumbar region and in the pelvis. Lancet 1, 393 (1853).
^ Lytton, B. Prostate cancer: a brief history and the discovery of hormonal ablation treatment. J. Urol. 165, 1859–1862
^ Young, H. H. Four cases of radical prostatectomy. Johns Hopkins Bull. 16, 315 (1905).
^ Walsh, P. C., Lepor, H. & Eggleston, J. C. Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: anatomical and pathological considerations. Prostate 4, 473-485 (1983). PMID 6889192
^ Huggins, C. B. & Hodges, C. V. Studies on prostate cancer: 1. The effects of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1, 203 (1941).
^ Schally, A. V., Kastin, A. J. & Arimura, A. Hypothalamic FSH and LH-regulating hormone. Structure, physiology and clinical studies. Fertil. Steril. 22, 703–721 (1971).
^ Tolis G, Ackman D, Stellos A, Mehta A, Labrie F, Fazekas AT, Comaru-Schally AM, Schally AV. Tumor growth inhibition in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Mar;79(5):1658–62 PMID 6461861
^ Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. A History of Prostate Cancer Treatment. Nature Reviews Cancer 2, 389–396 (2002). PMID 12044015
^ Scott, W. W. et al. Chemotherapy of advanced prostatic carcinoma with cyclophosphamide or 5-fluorouracil: results of first national randomized study. J. Urol. 114, 909–911 (1975). PMID 1104900
^ Linja MJ, Savinainen KJ, Saramaki OR, Tammela TL, Vessella RL, Visakorpi T. Amplification and overexpression of androgen receptor gene in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2001 May 1;61(9):3550–5. PMID 11325816
^ Ford OH 3rd, Gregory CW, Kim D, Smitherman AB, Mohler JL. Androgen receptor gene amplification and protein expression in recurrent prostate cancer. J Urol. 2003 Nov;170(5):1817–21.PMID 14532783

^ Kokontis J, Takakura K, Hay N, Liao S. Increased androgen receptor activity and altered c-myc expression in prostate cancer cells after long-term androgen deprivation. Cancer Res. 1994 March 15;54(6):1566–73. PMID 7511045
^ Umekita Y, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Liao S. Human prostate tumor growth in athymic mice: inhibition by androgens and stimulation by finasteride. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 October 15;93(21):11802-7. PMID 8876218
^ Kokontis JM, Hsu S, Chuu CP, Dang M, Fukuchi J, Hiipakka RA, Liao S. Role of androgen receptor in the progression of human prostate tumor cells to androgen independence and insensitivity. Prostate. 2005 December 1;65(4):287-98. PMID 16015608
·  ^ Cancer Facts and Figures 2003, Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2003, http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2003PWSecured.pdf, retrieved on 2008-04-24 

·  ^ Cancer Facts and Figures 2007, Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2007, http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2007PWSecured.pdf, retrieved on 2008-04-24 

·  ^ "Cancer of the testicle Causes - Health encyclopaedia - NHS Direct". http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=85&sectionId=5. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ Forman, D; M C Pike, G Davey, S Dawson, K Baker, C E D Chilvers, R T D Oliver, C A C Coupland (28 May 1994). "Aetiology of testicular cancer: association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise". BMJ (England: BMJ Publishing Group) 308 (6941): 1393–1399. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 7912596. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/308/6941/1393. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 

·  ^ Swerdlow, AJ; Huttly SR, Smith PG. (January 1987). "Testicular cancer and antecedent diseases". British Journal of Cancer (England: Nature Publishing Group on behalf of Cancer Research UK) 55 (1): 97–103. ISSN 0007-0920. PMID 2880604. 

·  ^ "Testicular Cancer Resource Center's Staging Page". http://tcrc.acor.org/staging.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ "Secondary Tumors of the Testis -Genital Tumors". http://www.health.am/cr/more/secondary-tumors-of-the-testis/. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. 

·  ^ "Testicular Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. 2009-01-15. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/testicular/HealthProfessional/page8. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 

·  ^ "Chemotherapy - BEP and EP". http://www.tc-library.com/chemotherapy-bep-and-ep/. Retrieved on 2009-02-16. 

·  ^ Specific chromosome change, i(12p), in testicular tumours?, 1982, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6128640?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 

·  ^ "Lance Armstrong Foundation: Milestones". http://www.livestrong.org/site/c.khLXK1PxHmF/b.2662471/k.26F8/Milestones.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-15. 

·  ^ "BBC SPORT". http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/millwall/1668736.stm. Retrieved on 2007-12-13.
^ "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition". AccessMedicine. Archived from the original on 2007-12-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20071228221145/http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=65842. 
^ Finding Cancer Statistics » Cancer Stat Fact Sheets »Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia National Cancer Institute
^ Colvin GA, Elfenbein GJ (2003). "The latest treatment advances for acute myelogenous leukemia". Med Health R I 86 (8): 243–6. PMID 14582219. 
^ Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Continue to Do Well on Imatinib at 5-Year Follow-Up Medscape Medical News 2006
^ Updated Results of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in CML ASCO 2006 Conference Summaries
^ Else M, Ruchlemer R, Osuji N, et al (2005). "Long remissions in hairy cell leukemia with purine analogs: a report of 219 patients with a median follow-up of 12.5 years". Cancer 104 (11): 2442–8. doi:10.1002/cncr.21447. PMID 16245328. 
^ a b c d e f Wiernik, Peter H. (2001). Adult leukemias. New York: B. C. Decker. pp. 3–15. ISBN 1-55009-111-5. 
^ a b Robinette, Martin S.; Cotter, Susan; Van de Water (2001). Quick Look Series in Veterinary Medicine: Hematology. Teton NewMedia. pp. 105. ISBN 1-893441-36-9. 
^ Stass, Sanford A.; Schumacher, Harold R.; Rock, William R. (2000). Handbook of hematologic pathology. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. pp. 193–194. ISBN 0-8247-0170-4. 
^ a b c d Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks). Geneva: World Health Organisation. 2002. pp. 332–333, 338. ISBN 92-832-1280-0. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol80/index.php. 
^ "WHO | Electromagnetic fields and public health". http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs322/en/index.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-18. 
^ a b c Fausel C (October 2007). "Targeted chronic myeloid leukemia therapy: seeking a cure". J Manag Care Pharm 13 (8 Suppl A): 8–12. PMID 17970609. http://www.amcp.org/data/jmcp/pages%208-12.pdf. 
^ "Trends in leukemia incidence and survival in the United States (1973-1998)". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=12712476&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google. 
^ Parham, Peter (2005). The immune system. New York: Garland Science. pp. 414. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1. 
^ Hellman, Samuel; Mauch, P.M. Ed. (1999). Hodgkin's Disease. Chapter 1: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 5. ISBN 0-7817-1502-4. 
^ a b ed. by Elaine S. Jaffe .... (2001). Pathology and Genetics of Haemo (World Health Organization Classification of Tumours S.). Oxford Univ Pr. ISBN 92-832-2411-6. 
^ www.emedicine.com on Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
·  ^ a b c International Myeloma Working Group (2003). "Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group". Br. J. Haematol. 121 (5): 749–57. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04355.x. PMID 12780789. 

·  ^ Chapel HM, Lee M (1994). "The use of intravenous immune globulin in multiple myeloma". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 97 Suppl 1: 21–4. PMID 8033429.  Full text at PMC: 1550368

·  ^ Hargreaves RM, Lea JR, Griffiths H, et al (1995). "Immunological factors and risk of infection in plateau phase myeloma" (PDF). J. Clin. Pathol. 48 (3): 260–6. doi:10.1136/jcp.48.3.260. PMID 7730490. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/48/3/260.  Full text at PMC: 502468

·  ^ a b Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, et al (2005). "International staging system for multiple myeloma". J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (15): 3412–20. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.242. PMID 15809451. http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/15/3412. 

·  ^ Durie BG, Salmon SE (1975). "A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival". Cancer 36 (3): 842–54. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197509)36:3<842::AID-CNCR2820360303>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID 1182674. 

·  ^ a b c Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV (2004). "Multiple myeloma". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (18): 1860–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra041875. PMID 15509819. 

·  ^ Kyle, R.A., Rajkumar, S.V. (2008). "Multiple myeloma". Blood. 111 (6): 2962–2972. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-078022. http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/111/6/2962#F4. 

·  ^ San Miguel, J.F. et al (2008). "Bortezomib plus Melphalan and Prednisone for Initial Treatment of Multiple Myeloma". New England Journal of Medicine 359 (9): 906–917. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0801479. 

·  ^ Durie, B.G.M. (2008). "Treatment of Myeloma - Are We Making Progress?". New England Journal of Medicine 359 (9): 964–966. doi:10.1056/NEJMe0805176.
^ a b c d Cheson BD (2006). "Chronic Lymphoid Leukemias and Plasma Cell Disorders". in Dale DD, Federman DD. ACP Medicine. New York, NY: WebMD Professional Publishing. ISBN 0974832715. 
^ Waldenstrom J (1944). "Incipient myelomatosis or "essential" hyperglobulinemia with fibrinognenopenia-a new syndrome?". Acta Med Scand 117: 216–247. 
^ Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, Flandrin G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Vardiman J, Lister TA, Bloomfield CD (2000). "The World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee Meeting, Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997". Histopathology 36 (1): 69–86. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00895.x. PMID 10632755. 
^ Schop RF, Van Wier SA, Xu R, et al (2006). "6q deletion discriminates Waldenström macroglobulinemia from IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 169 (2): 150–3. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.04.009. PMID 16938573. 
^ PMID 18809818
^ PMID 18703425
^ http://www.asco.org/ASCO/Abstracts+&+Virtual+Meeting/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=26&abstractID=4297
^ doi:10.1182/blood-2007-05-092098
^ PMID 14612935
^ PMID 18334673
^ doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2404520
^ PMID 18516762
^ PMID 18334673
^ PMID 16804116
^ PMID 12720156
^ Turgeon, Mary Louise (2005). Clinical hematology: theory and procedures. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 283. ISBN 0-7817-5007-5. "Frequency of lymphoid neoplasms. (Source: Modified from WHO Blue Book on Tumour of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 2001, p. 2001.)" 
^ a b Raje N, Hideshima T, Anderson KC (2003). "Plasma Cell Tumors". in Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, Gansler TS. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine (6th ed.). New York, NY: B.C. Decker. ISBN 1550092138. 
^ Kyle RA (1998). "Chapter 94: Multiple Myeloma and the Dysproteinemias". in Stein JH. Internal Medicine (5th ed.). New York: C.V.Mosby. ISBN 0815186983. 
^ Owen RG, Barrans SL, Richards SJ, O'Connor SJ, Child JA, Parapia LA, Morgan GJ, Jack AS (2001). "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Development of diagnostic criteria and identification of prognostic factors". Am J Clin Pathol 116 (3): 420–8. doi:10.1309/4LCN-JMPG-5U71-UWQB. PMID 11554171. 
^ San Miguel JF, Vidriales MB, Ocio E, Mateo G, Sanchez-Guijo F, Sanchez ML, Escribano L, Barez A, Moro MJ, Hernandez J, Aguilera C, Cuello R, Garcia-Frade J, Lopez R, Portero J, Orfao A (2003). "Immunophenotypic analysis of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Semin Oncol 30 (2): 187–95. doi:10.1053/sonc.2003.50074. PMID 12720134. 
^ Ghobrial IM, Witzig TE (2004). "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". Curr Treat Options Oncol 5 (3): 239–47. doi:10.1007/s11864-004-0015-5. PMID 15115652. 
^ Dimopoulos MA, Kyle RA, Anagnostopoulos A, Treon SP (2005). "Diagnosis and management of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". J Clin Oncol 23 (7): 1564–77. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.144. PMID 15735132. 
^ Johansson B, Waldenstrom J, Hasselblom S, Mitelman F (1995). "Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia with the AML/MDS-associated t(1;3)(p36;q21)". Leukemia 9 (7): 1136–8. PMID 7630185. 
^ Morel P, Duhamel A, Gobbi P, Dimopoulos M, Dhodapkar M, McCoy J, et al. International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia. XIth International Myeloma Workshop & IVth International Workshop on Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia 25 30 June 2007 Kos Island, Greece. Haematologica 2007;92(6 suppl 2):1-229.
^ PMID 18641029
^ PMID 18641029
^ PMID 18931340
^ PMID 19087134
^ Waldenstrom J (1991). "To treat or not to treat, this is the real question". Leuk Res 15 (6): 407–8. doi:10.1016/0145-2126(91)90049-Y. PMID 1907339. 
^ PMID 18813229
^ Kyle RA, Treon SP, Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Bjorkholm M, Dhodapkar M, Lister TA, Merlini G, Morel P, Stone M, Branagan AR, Leblond V (2003). "Prognostic markers and criteria to initiate therapy in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: consensus panel recommendations from the Second International Workshop on Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia". Semin Oncol 30 (2): 116–20. doi:10.1053/sonc.2003.50038. PMID 12720119. 
^ PMID 18713945
^ Gertz MA (2005). "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: a review of therapy". Am J Hematol 79 (2): 147–57. doi:10.1002/ajh.20363. PMID 15929102. 
^ Yang L, Wen B, Li H, Yang M, Jin Y, Yang S, Tao J (1999). "Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Bone Marrow Transplant 24 (8): 929–30. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701992. PMID 10516708. 
^ Martino R, Shah A, Romero P, Brunet S, Sierra J, Domingo-Albos A, Fruchtman S, Isola L (1999). "Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for advanced Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Bone Marrow Transplant 23 (7): 747–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701633. PMID 10218857. 
^ Anagnostopoulos A, Dimopoulos MA, Aleman A, Weber D, Alexanian R, Champlin R, Giralt S (2001). "High-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplantation in patients with resistant Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Bone Marrow Transplant 27 (10): 1027–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703041. PMID 11438816. 
^ Tournilhac O, Leblond V, Tabrizi R, Gressin R, Senecal D, Milpied N, Cazin B, Divine M, Dreyfus B, Cahn JY, Pignon B, Desablens B, Perrier JF, Bay JO, Travade P (2003). "Transplantation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia--the French experience". Semin Oncol 30 (2): 291–6. doi:10.1053/sonc.2003.50048. PMID 12720155. 
^ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=Waldenstrom
^ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00608374
^ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00566332
^ [1]
·  ^ ""Hairy" Cells in Blood in Lymphoreticular Neoplastic Disease and "Flagellated" Cells of Normal Lymph Nodes -- SCHREK and DONNELLY 27 (2): 199 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/2/199. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "American Journal of Clinical Pathology". http://ajcp.metapress.com/link.asp?id=8qytyq1clqmhq9cl. Retrieved on 2009-01-31. 

·  ^ "A variant form of hairy cell leukemia resistant to alpha-interferon: clinical and phenotypic characteristics of 17 patients -- Sainati et al. 76 (1): 157 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/76/1/157. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ Cawley JC, Burns GF, Hayhoe FG (1980). "A chronic lymphoproliferative disorder with distinctive features: a distinct variant of hairy-cell leukaemia". Leuk. Res. 4 (6): 547–59. doi:10.1016/0145-2126(80)90066-1. PMID 7206776. 

·  ^ a b c d Matutes E, Wotherspoon A, Brito-Babapulle V, Catovsky D (2001). "The natural history and clinico-pathological features of the variant form of hairy cell leukemia". Leukemia 15 (1): 184–6. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2401999. PMID 11243388. 

·  ^ Ya-In C, Brandwein J, Pantalony D, Chang H (2005). "Hairy cell leukemia variant with features of intrasinusoidal bone marrow involvement". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 129 (3): 395–8. PMID 15737038. 

·  ^ "The bone marrow fibrosis of hairy-cell leukemia is caused by the synthesis and assembly of a fibronectin matrix by the hairy cells -- Burthem and Cawley 83 (2): 497 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/2/497. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "Phenotypic analysis of hairy cell leukemia: "variant" cases express the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain, but not the alpha chain (CD25) -- de Totero et al. 82 (2): 528 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/82/2/528. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "A variant form of hairy cell leukemia resistant to alpha-interferon: clinical and phenotypic characteristics of 17 patients -- Sainati et al. 76 (1): 157 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/76/1/157. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ Matutes E, Wotherspoon A, Catovsky D (2003). "The variant form of hairy-cell leukaemia". Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 16 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1016/S1521-6926(02)00086-5. PMID 12670464. 

·  ^ Vallianatou K, Brito-Babapulle V, Matutes E, Atkinson S, Catovsky D (1999). "p53 gene deletion and trisomy 12 in hairy cell leukemia and its variant". Leuk. Res. 23 (11): 1041–5. doi:10.1016/S0145-2126(99)00127-7. PMID 10576509. 

·  ^ Miyazaki M, Taguchi A, Sakuragi S, Mitani N, Matsuda K, Shinohara K (May 2004). "[Hairy cell leukemia, Japanese variant, successfully treated with cladribine]" (in Japanese). Rinsho Ketsueki 45 (5): 405–7. PMID 15199752. 

·  ^ "Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment - National Cancer Institute". http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/hairy-cell-leukemia/patient#Keypoint3. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. 

·  ^ Zuzel M, Cawley JC, Paton RC, Burns GF, McNicol GP (1979). "Platelet function in hairy-cell leukaemia". J. Clin. Pathol. 32 (8): 814–21. doi:10.1136/jcp.32.8.814. PMID 512041. 

·  ^ "wiley.com". http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/50446/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. 

·  ^ "Mechanisms behind hypocholesterolaemia in hairy cell leukaemia -- Juliusson et al. 311 (6996): 27 -- BMJ". http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/311/6996/27. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. 

·  ^ Clavel J, Mandereau L, Cordier S, et al (1995). "Hairy cell leukaemia, occupation, and smoking". Br. J. Haematol. 91 (1): 154–61. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05261.x. PMID 7577624. 

·  ^ Orlandi G, Fanucchi S, Strata G, et al (2000). "Transient autonomic nervous system dysfunction during hyperacute stroke". Acta Neurol. Scand. 102 (5): 317–21. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.102005317.x. PMID 11083509. 

·  ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Wintrobe, Maxwell Myer (2004). Wintrobe's clinical hematology. John G. Greer; John Foerster, John N. Lukens, George M Rodgers, Frixos Paraskevas (11 ed.). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 2465–2466. ISBN 0-7817-3650-1. 

·  ^ "Clinical Flow Cytometry Case #54". http://www.flowcases.org/casebuilder/index.cfm?fuseaction=displayCase2&caseID=54. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. 

·  ^ Cannon T, Mobarek D, Wegge J, Tabbara IA (October 2008). "Hairy cell leukemia: current concepts". Cancer Invest. 26 (8): 860–5. doi:10.1080/07357900801965034. PMID 18798068. http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/07357900801965034&magic=pubmed||1B69BA326FFE69C3F0A8F227DF8201D0. 

·  ^ "theoncologist.alphamedpress.org". http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/vol11/issue7/images/large/780tbl4.jpeg. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. 

·  ^ "eMedicine - Hairy Cell Leukemia : Article by Emmanuel C Besa". http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic937.htm#section~Differentials. Retrieved on 2008-03-15. 

·  ^ Wanko SO, de Castro C (2006). "Hairy cell leukemia: an elusive but treatable disease". Oncologist 11 (7): 780–9. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-7-780. PMID 16880237. http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16880237. 

·  ^ "Hairy Cell Leukemia: An Elusive but Treatable Disease -- Wanko and de Castro 11 (7): 780 -- The Oncologist". http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/11/7/780. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "Comparative expressed sequence hybridization studies of hairy cell leukemia show uniform expression profile and imprint of spleen signature -- Vanhentenrijk et al. 104 (1): 250 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/bloodjournal;104/1/250. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "Cladribine in a weekly versus daily schedule for untreated active hairy cell leukemia: final report from the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial -- Robak et al. 109 (9): 3672 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/bloodjournal;109/9/3672. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ Else M, Ruchlemer R, Osuji N, et al (2005). "Long remissions in hairy cell leukemia with purine analogs: a report of 219 patients with a median follow-up of 12.5 years". Cancer 104 (11): 2442–8. doi:10.1002/cncr.21447. PMID 16245328. 

·  ^ "Rituximab in relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia -- Thomas et al. 102 (12): 3906 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/12/3906. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "Phase 2 study of rituximab in the treatment of cladribine-failed patients with hairy cell leukemia -- Nieva et al. 102 (3): 810 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/102/3/810. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "Successful treatment of hairy cell leukemia variant with rituximab - Leukemia and Lymphoma". http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content?content=10.1080/10428190500083433. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "eMedicine - Hairy Cell Leukemia : Article by Emmanuel C Besa, MD". http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic937.htm#section~medication. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "NEJM -- Alpha interferon for induction of remission in hairy-cell leukemia". http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/310/1/15. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ a b Ratain MJ, Golomb HM, Vardiman JW, Vokes EE, Jacobs RH, Daly K (1985). "Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with recombinant alpha 2 interferon". Blood 65 (3): 644–8. PMID 3971043. 

·  ^ a b Baker PK, PettittAR, Slupsky JR, et al (2002). "Response of hairy cells to IFN-alpha involves induction of apoptosis through autocrine TNF-alpha and protection by adhesion". Blood 100 (2): 647–53. doi:10.1182/blood.V100.2.647. PMID 12091360. 

·  ^ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00074048

·  ^ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00462189

·  ^ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00337311

·  ^ "Filgrastim for Cladribine-Induced Neutropenic Fever in Patients With Hairy Cell Leukemia -- Saven et al. 93 (8): 2471 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/93/8/2471. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "Second Malignancies in Patients With Hairy Cell Leukemia in British Columbia: A 20-Year Experience -- Au et al. 92 (4): 1160 -- Blood". http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/4/1160. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. 

·  ^ "Hairy cell leukemia". http://www.pennhealth.com/ency/article/000592.htm. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. 

·  ^ Yetgin S, Olcay L, Yenicesu I, Oner AF, Cağlar M (September 2001). "Relapse in hairy cell leukemia due to isolated nodular skin infiltration". Pediatr Hematol Oncol 18 (6): 415–7. doi:10.1080/088800101316922047. PMID 11554237. http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/088800101316922047&magic=pubmed. 

·  ^ "Three cases of familial hairy cell leukemia". http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=4680401. Retrieved on 2007-09-07.
·  ^ WHO (2004). "Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum" (PDF). World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-25. 

·  ^ WHO (February 2006). "Cancer". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/. Retrieved on 2007-06-25. 

·  ^ a b c d e f Minna, JD; Schiller JH (2008). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 551–562. ISBN 0-07-146633-9. 

·  ^ a b c d e f Vaporciyan, AA; Nesbitt JC, Lee JS et al. (2000). Cancer Medicine. B C Decker. pp. 1227–1292. ISBN 1-55009-113-1. 

·  ^ a b c "Lung Carcinoma: Tumors of the Lungs". Merck Manual Professional Edition, Online edition. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec05/ch062/ch062b.html#sec05-ch062-ch062b-1405. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. 

·  ^ Thun, MJ; Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL et al. (2008). "Lung Cancer Occurrence in Never-Smokers: An Analysis of 13 Cohorts and 22 Cancer Registry Studies". PLoS Medicine 5 (9): e185. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.005018510.1002/ijc.22615. 

·  ^ Gorlova, OY; Weng SF, Zhang Y et al. (July 2007). "Aggregation of cancer among relatives of never-smoking lung cancer patients". International Journal of Cancer 121 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1002/ijc.22615. PMID 17304511. 

·  ^ Hackshaw, AK; Law MR, WaldNJ (1997-10-18). "The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke". British Medical Journal 315 (7114): 980–988. PMID 9365295. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/315/7114/980. 

·  ^ a b Catelinois O, Rogel A, Laurier D, et al (September 2006). "Lung cancer attributable to indoor radon exposure in france: impact of the risk models and uncertainty analysis". Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (9): 1361–6. doi:0.1289/ehp.9070. PMID 16966089. PMC: 1570096. http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/9070/9070.html. 

·  ^ a b O'Reilly, KM; Mclaughlin AM, Beckett WS, Sime PJ (March 2007). "Asbestos-related lung disease". American Family Physician 75 (5): 683–688. PMID 17375514. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html. 

·  ^ a b Kabir, Z; Bennett K, Clancy L (February 2007). "Lung cancer and urban air-pollution in dublin: a temporal association?". Irish Medical Journal 100 (2): 367–369. PMID 17432813. 

·  ^ Coyle, YM; Minahjuddin AT, Hynan LS, Minna JD (September 2006). "An ecological study of the association of metal air pollutants with lung cancer incidence in Texas.". Journal of Thoracic Oncology 1 (7): 654–661. PMID 17409932. 

·  ^ a b Chiu, HF; Cheng MH, Tsai SS et al. (December 2006). "Outdoor air pollution and female lung cancer in Taiwan.". Inhalation Toxicology 18 (13): 1025–1031. doi:10.1080/08958370600904561. PMID 16966302. 

·  ^ Carmona, RH (2006-06-27). "The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke. "Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke." 

·  ^ "Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking" (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer) 83. 2002. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf. "There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans. [...] Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).". 

·  ^ a b c d Travis, WD; Travis LB, Devesa SS (January 1995). "Lung cancer". Cancer 75 (Suppl. 1): 191–202. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1 <191::AID-CNCR2820751307>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 8000996. 

·  ^ Morandi, U; Casali C, Rossi G (2006). "Bronchial typical carcinoid tumors". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 18 (3): 191–198. doi:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2006.08.005. PMID 17185178. 

·  ^ Etienne-Mastroianni, B; Falchero L, Chalabreysse L et al. (December 2002). "Primary sarcomas of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases". Lung Cancer 38 (3): 283–289. doi:10.1016/S0169-5002(02)00303-3. PMID 12445750. 

·  ^ Bryant, A; Cerfolio RJ (July 2007). "Differences in epidemiology, histology, and survival between cigarette smokers and never-smokers who develop non-small cell lung cancer". Chest 132 (1): 198–192. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0442. PMID 17573517. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/132/1/185. 

·  ^ Subramanian, J; Govindan R (February 2007). "Lung cancer in never smokers: a review". Journal of Clinical Oncology (American Society of Clinical Oncology) 25 (5): 561–570. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8015. PMID 17290066. 

·  ^ a b Raz, DJ; He B, Rosell R, Jablons DM (March 2006). "Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: a review". Clinical Lung Cancer (Cancer Information Group) 7 (5): 313–322. doi:10.3816/CLC.2006.n.012. PMID 16640802. 

·  ^ a b Collins, LG; Haines C, Perkel R, Enck RE (January 2007). "Lung cancer: diagnosis and management". American Family Physician (AmericanAcademy of Family Physicians) 75 (1): 56–63. PMID 17225705. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html. 

·  ^ Rosti, G; Bevilacqua G, Bidoli P et al. (March 2006). "Small cell lung cancer". Annals of Oncology 17 (Suppl. 2): 5–10. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdj910. PMID 16608983. http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/17/suppl_2/ii5. 

·  ^ Barbone, F; Bovenzi M, Cavallieri F, Stanta G (December 1997). "Cigarette smoking and histologic type of lung cancer in men" (PDF). Chest (AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians) 112 (6): 1474–1479. doi:10.1378/chest.112.6.1474. PMID 9404741. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/112/6/1474. 

·  ^ a b Dishop MK, Kuruvilla S (July 2008). "Primary and metastatic lung tumors in the pediatric population: a review and 25-year experience at a large children's hospital". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 132 (7): 1079–103. PMID 18605764. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=132&page=1079. 

·  ^ Seo, JB; Im JG, Goo JM et al. (03/01/2001). "Atypical pulmonary metastases: spectrum of radiologic findings". Radiographics 21 (2): 403–417. PMID 11259704. http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/21/2/403. 

·  ^ Mountain, CF; Libshitz HI, Hermes KE (2003). A Handbook for Staging, Imaging, and Lymph Node Classification. Charles P Young. http://www.ctsnet.org/book/mountain/index.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. 

·  ^ Hamilton, W; Peters TJ, Round A, Sharp D (December 2005). "What are the clinical features of lung cancer before the diagnosis is made? A population based case-control study". Thorax (BMJ Publishing Group) 60 (12): 1059–1065. doi:10.1136/thx.2005.045880. PMID 16227326. 

·  ^ Honnorat, J; Antoine JC (May 2007). "Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (BioMed Central) 2: 22. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-22. PMID 17480225. http://www.ojrd.com/content/2/1/22. 

·  ^ Jones, DR; Detterbeck FC (July 1998). "Pancoast tumors of the lung". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 4 (4): 191–197. doi:10.1097/00063198-199807000-00001. PMID 10813231. 

·  ^ Greene, Frederick L. (2002). AJCC cancer staging manual. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-95271-3. 

·  ^ Biesalski, HK; Bueno de Mesquita B, Chesson A et al. (1998). "European Consensus Statement on Lung Cancer: risk factors and prevention. Lung Cancer Panel". CA Cancer J Clin 48 (3): 167–176; discussion 164–166. doi:10.3322/canjclin.48.3.167. PMID 9594919. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9594919. 

·  ^ Peto, R; Lopez AD, Boreham J et al. (2006). Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950–2000: Indirect estimates from National Vital Statistics. OxfordUniversity Press. ISBN 0-19-262535-7. http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/. 

·  ^ Samet, JM; Wiggins CL, Humble CG, Pathak DR (May 1988). "Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico". American Review of Respiratory Disease 137 (5): 1110–1113. PMID 3264122. 

·  ^ Villeneuve, PJ; Mao Y (November 1994). "Lifetime probability of developing lung cancer, by smoking status, Canada". Canadian Journal of Public Health 85 (6): 385–388. PMID 7895211. 

·  ^ Hecht, S (October 2003). "Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer". Nature Reviews. Cancer (Nature Publishing Group) 3 (10): 733–744. doi:10.1038/nrc1190. PMID 14570033. http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v3/n10/abs/nrc1190_fs.html;jsessionid=A78B217DFCAD36DD965F2DBA685CF121. 

·  ^ Sopori, M (May 2002). "Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system". Nature Reviews. Immunology 2 (5): 372–7. doi:10.1038/nri803. PMID 12033743. 

·  ^ US Department of Health and Human Services (1990-09-30) (PDF), The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation: a Report of the Surgeon General, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Office on Smoking and Health., pp. vi, 130, 148, 152, 155, 164, 166, http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/C/T/_/nnbbct.pdf, retrieved on 2007-11-18 

·  ^ Nordquist, LT; Simon GR, Cantor A et al. (August 2004). "Improved survival in never-smokers vs current smokers with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung". Chest (AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians) 126 (2): 347–351. doi:10.1378/chest.126.2.347. PMID 15302716. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/126/2/347. 

·  ^ Tammemagi, CM; Neslund-Dudas C, Simoff M, Kvale P (January 2004). "Smoking and lung cancer survival: the role of comorbidity and treatment". Chest (AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians) 125 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1378/chest.125.1.27. PMID 14718417. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/125/1/27. 

·  ^ CDC (December 1986). "1986 Surgeon General's report: the health consequences of involuntary smoking". CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000837.htm. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. 
* National Research Council (1986). Environmental tobacco smoke: measuring exposures and assessing health effects. NationalAcademy Press. ISBN 0-309-07456-8. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=943#toc. 
* EPA (1992). Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders. EPA. http://cfpub2.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2835. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. 
* California Environmental Protection Agency (1997). "Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke". Tobacco Control 6 (4): 346–353. PMID 9583639. http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm. 
* CDC (December 2001). "State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (Atlanta, Georgia: CDC) 50 (49): 1101–1106. PMID 11794619. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm. 
* Alberg, AJ; Samet JM (January 2003). "Epidemiology of lung cancer". Chest (AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians) 123 (S1): 21S–49S. doi:10.1378/chest.123.1_suppl.21S. PMID 12527563. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/123/1_suppl/21S. 

·  ^ Boffetta, P; Agudo A, Ahrens W et al. (October 1998). "Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe". Journal of the National Cancer Institute (OxfordUniversity Press) 90 (19): 1440–1450. doi:10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440. PMID 9776409. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/90/19/1440. 

·  ^ "Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health". Department of Health. March 1998. http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/contents.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-09. 
* Hackshaw, AK (June 1998). "Lung cancer and passive smoking". Statistical Methods in Medical Research 7 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1191/096228098675091404. PMID 9654638. 

·  ^ National Health and Medical Research Council (April 1994). The health effects and regulation of passive smoking. Australian Government Publishing Service. http://www.obpr.gov.au/publications/submission/healthef/index.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. 

·  ^ Schick, S; Glantz S (December 2005). "Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke". Tobacco Control 14 (6): 396–404. doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011288. PMID 16319363. 

·  ^ EPA (October 2006). "Radiation information: radon". EPA. http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/radon.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. 

·  ^ Field, RW; Steck DJ, Smith BJ et al. (06/01/2000). "Residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer: the Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study". American Journal of Epidemiology (Oxford Journals) 151 (11): 1091–1102. PMID 10873134. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/151/11/1091. 

·  ^ EPA (June 2000). "Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study". EPA. http://www.epa.gov/radon/iowastudy.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. 

·  ^ Darnton, AJ; McElvenny DM, Hodgson JT (January 2006). "Estimating the number of asbestos-related lung cancer deaths in Great Britain from 1980 to 2000". Annals of Occupational Hygiene 50 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mei038. PMID 16126764. http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/50/1/29. 

·  ^ Leroux, C; Girard N, Cottin V et al. (March-April 2007). "Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV): from virus to lung cancer in sheep". Veterinary Research 38 (2): 211–228. doi:10.1051/vetres:2006060. PMID 17257570. 

·  ^ Palmarini, M; Fan H (November 2001). "Retrovirus-induced ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, an animal model for lung cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute (OxfordUniversity Press) 93 (21): 1603–1614. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.21.1603. PMID 11698564. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/93/21/1603. 

·  ^ Cheng, YW; Chiou HL, Sheu GT et al. (04/01/2001). "The association of human papillomavirus 16/18 infection with lung cancer among nonsmoking Taiwanese women". Cancer Research (American Association for Cancer Research) 61 (7): 2799–2803. PMID 11306446. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/61/7/2799. 

·  ^ Zheng, H; Aziz HA, Nakanishi Y et al. (May 2007). "Oncogenic role of JC virus in lung cancer". Journal of Pathology 212 (3): 306–315. doi:10.1002/path.2188. PMID 17534844. 

·  ^ Giuliani, L; Jaxmar T, Casadio C et al. (September 2007). "Detection of oncogenic viruses (SV40, BKV, JCV, HCMV, HPV) and p53 codon 72 polymorphism in lung carcinoma". Lung Cancer 57 (3): 273–281. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.02.019. PMID 17400331. 

·  ^ Fong, KM; Sekido Y, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (October 2003). "Lung cancer. 9: Molecular biology of lung cancer: clinical implications". Thorax (BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.) 58 (10): 892–900. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.10.892. PMID 14514947. 

·  ^ Salgia, R; Skarin AT (March 1998). "Molecular abnormalities in lung cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology 16 (3): 1207–1217. PMID 9508209. 

·  ^ a b c d Herbst, RS; Heymach JV, Lippman SM (September 2008). "Molecular origins of cancer: lung cancer". N Engl J Med 359 (13): 1367–1380. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0802714. PMID 18815398. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/13/1367. 

·  ^ Aviel-Ronen, S; Blackhall FH, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS (July 2006). "K-ras mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a review". Clinical Lung Cancer (Cancer Information Group) 8 (1): 30–38. doi:10.3816/CLC.2006.n.030. PMID 16870043. 

·  ^ Devereux, TR; Taylor JA, Barrett JC (March 1996). "Molecular mechanisms of lung cancer. Interaction of environmental and genetic factors". Chest (AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians) 109 (Suppl 3): 14S–19S. doi:10.1378/chest.109.3_Supplement.14S. PMID 8598134. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/109/3/14S. 

·  ^ Engels, EA; Wu X, Gu J et al. (July 2007). "Systematic evaluation of genetic variants in the inflammation pathway and risk of lung cancer". Cancer Research (American Association for Cancer Research) 67 (13): 6520–6527. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0370. PMID 17596594. 

·  ^ Wenzlaff, AS; Cote ML, Bock CH et al. (December 2005). "CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 polymorphisms and risk of lung cancer among never smokers: a population-based study". Carcinogenesis (OxfordUniversity Press) 26 (12): 2207–2212. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi191. PMID 16051642. 

·  ^ Son, JW; Kang HK, Chae MH et al. (September 2006). "Polymorphisms in the caspase-8 gene and the risk of lung cancer". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 169 (2): 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.04.001. PMID 16938569. 

·  ^ Yin, J; Vogel U, Ma Y et al. (May 2007). "The DNA repair gene XRCC1 and genetic susceptibility of lung cancer in a northeastern Chinese population". Lung Cancer 56 (2): 153–160. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.12.012. PMID 17316890. 

·  ^ Tomoda K, Ohkoshi T, Hirota K, et al (February 2009). "Preparation and properties of inhalable nanocomposite particles for treatment of lung cancer". Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.02.001. PMID 19264458. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0927-7765(09)00055-1. 

·  ^ Fan YG, Hu P, Jiang Y, et al (March 2009). "Association between sputum atypia and lung cancer risk in an occupational cohort in yunnan, china". Chest 135 (3): 778–85. doi:10.1378/chest.08-1469. PMID 19265088. 

·  ^ Vineis, P; Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M et al. (February 2007). "Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study". Environmental Health (BioMed Central) 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-6-7. PMID 17302981. 

·  ^ a b "A Decade of Broken Promises: The 1998 State Tobacco Settlement Ten Years Later". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/reports/settlements/2009/fullreport.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-03. 

·  ^ Pandey, G (February 2005). "Bhutan's smokers face public ban". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4305715.stm. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. 

·  ^ Gray, N (February 2003). "A global approach to tobacco policy". Lung Cancer (BioMed Central) 39 (2): 113–117. doi:10.1016/S0169-5002(02)00456-7. PMID 12581561. 

·  ^ Slatore CG, Littman AJ, Au DH, Satia JA, White E (2008). "Long-term use of supplemental multivitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate does not reduce the risk of lung cancer". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 177 (5): 524–30. doi:10.1164/rccm.200709-1398OC. PMID 17989343. 

·  ^ United Nations News service (30 May 2008). UN health agency calls for total ban on tobacco advertising to protect young. Press release. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26857. 

·  ^ Gohagan, JK; Marcus PM, Fagerstrom RM et al. (January 2005). "Final results of the Lung Screening Study, a randomized feasibility study of spiral CT versus chest X-ray screening for lung cancer". Lung Cancer 47 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.06.007. PMID 15603850. 

·  ^ Schiller JH, Vidaver RM, Novello S, Brahmer J, Monroe L (2007). "Living with a Diagnosis of Lung Cancer". [National Lung Cancer Partnership]. http://www.nationallungcancerpartnership.org/index.cfm?page=treatment. Retrieved on 2008-12-01. 

·  ^ Strand, TE; Rostad H, Damhuis RA, Norstein J (June 2007). "Risk factors for 30-day mortality after resection of lung cancer and prediction of their magnitude". Thorax (BMJ Publishing Group) 62: 991. doi:10.1136/thx.2007.079145. PMID 17573442. 

·  ^ El-Sherif, A; Gooding WE, Santos R et al. (August 2006). "Outcomes of sublobar resection versus lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a 13-year analysis". Annals of Thoracic Surgery 82 (2): 408–415. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.02.029. PMID 16863738. 

·  ^ Fernando, HC; Santos RS, Benfield JR et al. (February 2005). "Lobar and sublobar resection with and without brachytherapy for small stage IA non-small cell lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 129 (2): 261–267. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.09.025. PMID 15678034. 

·  ^ Clegg, A; Scott DA, Hewitson P et al. (January 2002). "Clinical and cost effectiveness of paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review". Thorax (BMJ Publishing Group) 57 (1): 20–28. doi:10.1136/thorax.57.1.20. PMID 11809985. 

·  ^ Murray, N; Turrisi AT (March 2006). "A review of first-line treatment for small-cell lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology 1 (3): 270–278. PMID 17409868. 

·  ^ Azim, HA; GantiAK (March 2007). "Treatment options for relapsed small-cell lung cancer". Anticancer drugs 18 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e328011a547. PMID 17264756. 

·  ^ MacCallum, C; Gillenwater HH (July 2006). "Second-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer". Current Oncology Reports 8 (4): 258–264. doi:10.1007/s11912-006-0030-8. PMID 17254525. 

·  ^ Araujo AM, Mendez JC, Coelho AL, et al (March 2009). "Phase II Study of Celecoxib with Cisplatin Plus Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer". Cancer Invest.: 1. doi:10.1080/07357900802232756. PMID 19266367. http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/07357900802232756&magic=pubmed||1B69BA326FFE69C3F0A8F227DF8201D0. 

·  ^ Winton, T; Livingston R, Johnson D, et al. (June 2005). "Vinorelbine plus cisplatin vs. observation in resected non-small-cell lung cancer". New England Journal of Medicine (Massachusetts Medical Society) 352 (25): 2589–2597. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043623. PMID 15972865. "Adjuvant vinorelbine plus cisplatin has an acceptable level of toxicity and prolongs disease-free and overall survival among patients with completely resected early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.". 

·  ^ Douillard, JY; Rosell R, De Lena M et al. (September 2006). "Adjuvant vinorelbine plus cisplatin versus observation in patients with completely resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association [ANITA]): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet Oncology (Elsevier) 7 (9): 719–727. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70804-X. PMID 16945766. 

·  ^ Tsuboi, M; Ohira T, Saji H et al. (April 2007). "The present status of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for completely resected non-small cell lung cancer" (PDF). Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 13 (2): 73–77. PMID 17505412. http://www.atcs.jp/pdf/2007_13_2/73.pdf. 

·  ^ Horn, L; SandlerAB, Putnam JB Jr, Johnson DH (May 2007). "The rationale for adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I non-small cell lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2 (5): 377–383. doi:10.1097/01.JTO.0000268669.64625.bb. PMID 17473651. 

·  ^ Wakelee, HA; Schiller JH, Gandara DR (July 2006). "Current status of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage IB non-small-cell lung cancer: implications for the New Intergroup Trial". Clinical Lung Cancer (Cancer Information Group) 8 (1): 18–21. doi:10.3816/CLC.2006.n.028. PMID 16870041. 

·  ^ BMJ (December 2005). Clinical evidence concise : the international resource of the best available evidence for effective health care.. London: BMJ Publishing Group. pp. 486–488. ISBN 1-905545-00-2. 

·  ^ Arriagada, R; Goldstraw P, Le Chevalier T (2002). Oxford Textbook of Oncology (2nd ed.). OxfordUniversity Press. p. 2094. ISBN 0-19-262926-3. 

·  ^ a b Saunders, M; Dische S, Barrett A et al. (July 1997). "Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised multicentre trial". Lancet (Elsevier) 350 (9072): 161–165. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06305-8. PMID 9250182. 

·  ^ Wagner, H (January 1998). "Radiation therapy in the management of limited small cell lung cancer: when, where, and how much?". Chest (AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians) 113 (Suppl. 1): 92S–100S. doi:10.1378/chest.113.1_Supplement.92S. PMID 9438697. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/113/1/92S. 

·  ^ "Postoperative radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD002142. 2005. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002142.pub2. PMID 15846628. http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002142/frame.html. 

·  ^ Lally, BE; Zelterman D, Colasanto JM et al. (July 2006). "Postoperative Radiotherapy for Stage II or III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database

". Journal of Clinical Oncology (John Wiley & Sons) 24 (19): 2998–3006. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.6110. PMID 16769986. http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/24/19/2998. 

·  ^ Raben, A; Mychalczak B (October 1997). "Brachytherapy for non-small cell lung cancer and selected neoplasms of the chest". Chest (AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians) 112 (Suppl. 4): 276S–286S. doi:10.1378/chest.112.4_Supplement.276S. PMID 9337304. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/112/4_Supplement/276S. 

·  ^ Celebioglu, B; Gurkan OU, Erdogan S et al. (November 2002). "High dose rate endobronchial brachytherapy effectively palliates symptoms due to inoperable lung cancer". Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology (OxfordUniversity Press) 32 (11): 443–448. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyf102. PMID 12499415. http://jjco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/32/11/443. 

·  ^ Ng, M; Chong J, Milner A et al. (June 2007). "Tolerability of accelerated chest irradiation and impact on survival of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer: review of a single institution's experience". Journal of Thoracic Oncology (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 2 (6): 506–513. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318060095b. PMID 17545845. 

·  ^ Slotman, B; Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G et al. (August 2007). "Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer". New England Journal of Medicine 357 (7): 664–672. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071780. PMID 17699816. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/7/664. 

·  ^ Hof, H; Muenter M, Oetzel D et al. (July 2007). "Stereotactic single-dose radiotherapy (radiosurgery) of early stage nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)". Cancer (Wiley InterScience) 110 (1): 148–155. doi:10.1002/cncr.22763. PMID 17516437. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/114265991/PDFSTART. 

·  ^ Simon, CJ; DupuyDE, DiPetrillo TA et al. (April 2007). "Pulmonary radiofrequency ablation: long-term safety and efficacy in 153 patients". Radiology 243 (1): 268–275. doi:10.1148/radiol.2431060088. PMID 17392258. 

·  ^ a b Bencardino, K; Manzoni M, Delfanti S et al. (March 2007). "Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: results and open issues". Internal and Emergency Medicine 2 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1007/s11739-007-0002-5. PMID 17551677. 

·  ^ Feld, R; Sridhar SS, Shepherd FA et al. (May 2006). "Use of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review". Journal of Thoracic Oncology (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 1 (4): 367–376. doi:10.1097/01243894-200605000-00018. PMID 17409886. 

·  ^ Sandler, A; Gray R, Perry M et al. (December 2006). "Paclitaxel–carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non–small cell lung cancer". New England Journal of Medicine (Massachusetts Medical Society) 355 (24): 2542–2550. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061884. PMID 17167137. 

·  ^ Edelman, MJ (September 2006). "Novel cytotoxic agents for non-small cell lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology 1 (7): 752–755. PMID 17409954. 

·  ^ Danesi, R; Pasqualetti G, Giovannetti E, Del Tacca M (May 2007). "The role of pharmacogenetics in adjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2 (5 Suppl.): S27–S30. doi:10.1097/01.JTO.0000268638.10332.07. PMID 17457227. 

·  ^ Blackhall, FH; Shepherd FA (March 2007). "Small cell lung cancer and targeted therapies". Current Opinion in Oncology 19 (2): 103–108. doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e328011bec3. PMID 17272981. 

·  ^ Lee, JM; Mao JT, Krysan K, Dubinett SM (April 2007). "Significance of cyclooxygenase-2 in prognosis, targeted therapy and chemoprevention of NSCLC". Future Oncology 2 (2): 149–153. doi:10.2217/14796694.3.2.149. PMID 17381414. 

·  ^ Whitehead, CM; Earle KA, Fetter J et al. (05/01/2003). "Exisulind-induced Apoptosis in a Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Orthotopic Lung Tumor Model Augments Docetaxel Treatment and Contributes to Increased Survival". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics (American Association for Cancer Research) 2 (5): 479–488. PMID 12748310. http://mct.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/2/5/479. 

·  ^ Scagliotti, G (June 2006). "Proteasome inhibitors in lung cancer". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Haematology 58 (3): 177–189. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.12.001. PMID 16427303. 

·  ^ Dragnev, KH; Petty WJ, Shah SJ et al. (March 2007). "A proof-of-principle clinical trial of bexarotene in patients with non-small cell lung cancer". Clinical Cancer Research (American Association for Cancer Research) 13 (6): 1794–1800. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1836. PMID 17363535. 

·  ^ Albright, C; Garst J (July 2007). "Vaccine therapy in non-small cell lung cancer". Current Oncology Reports 9 (4): 241–246. doi:10.1007/s11912-007-0029-9. PMID 17588347. 

·  ^ Sun, S; Schiller JH, Spinola M, Minna JD (October 2007). "New molecularly targeted therapies for lung cancer". Journal of Clinical Investigation (American Society for Clinical Investigation) 117 (10): 2740–2750. doi:10.1172/JCI31809. PMID 17909619. http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/10/2740. 

·  ^ "Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment". PDQ for Health Professionals. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/non-small-cell-lung/HealthProfessional/page2. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 

·  ^ "-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment". PDQ for Health Professionals. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/small-cell-lung/healthprofessional. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 

·  ^ Mountain, CF (1997). "Revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer" (PDF). Chest (AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians) 111: 1710–1717. doi:10.1378/chest.111.6.1710. PMID 9187198. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/111/6/1710. 

·  ^ "Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2002 - Search". Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER). http://seer.cancer.gov/cgi-bin/csr/1975_2002/search.pl#results. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. 

·  ^ "Commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide". Cancer Research UK. April 2005. http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/geographic/world/commoncancers/. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 

·  ^ Lum, KL; Polansky JR, Jackler RK, Glantz SA (October 2008). "Signed, sealed and delivered: "big tobacco" in Hollywood, 1927-1951". Tobacco Control 17 (5): 313–323. PMID 18818225. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/17/5/313. 

·  ^ Parent, ME; Rousseau MC, Boffetta P et al. (January 2007). "Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer". American Journal of Epidemiology 165 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj343. PMID 17062632. 

·  ^ "Gender in lung cancer and smoking research" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2004. http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/lungcancerlow.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-05-26. 

·  ^ Liu, BQ; Peto R, Chen ZM et al. (1998-11-21). "Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths". British Medical Journal 317 (7170): 1411–1422. PMID 9822393. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/317/7170/1411. 

·  ^ Behera, D; Balamugesh T (2004). "Lung cancer in India" (PDF). Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences 46 (4): 269–281. PMID 15515828. http://www.vpci.org.in/upload/Journals/pic130.pdf#page=27. 

·  ^ Mohr, SB; Garland CF, Gorham ED et al. (2008). "Could ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D be associated with lower incidence rates of lung cancer?". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 62 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.052571. PMID 18079336. 

·  ^ a b Chen, F; Bina WF, Cole P (April 2007). "Declining incidence rate of lung adenocarcinoma in the United States". Chest 131 (4): 1000–1005. PMID 17426202. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/131/4/1000. 

·  ^ Charloux, A; Quoix E, Wolkove N et al. (February 1997). "The increasing incidence of lung adenocarcinoma: reality or artefact? A review of the epidemiology of lung adenocarcinoma". International Journal of Epidemiology 26 (1): 14–23. PMID 9126499. http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/26/1/14. 

·  ^ Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (1761). De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis. http://books.google.ca/books?id=A3IFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0gslDCsk4Fm2hLne. 

·  ^ Bayle, Gaspard-Laurent (1810) (in French). Recherches sur la phtisie pulmonaire. Paris. 

·  ^ a b Witschi, H (November 2001). "A short history of lung cancer". Toxicological Sciences 64 (1): 4–6. doi:10.1093/toxsci/64.1.4. PMID 11606795. http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/1/4. 

·  ^ Adler, I (1912). Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi. New York: Longmans, Green, and Company. OCLC 14783544. , cited in Spiro SG, SilvestriGA (2005). "One hundred years of lung cancer". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 172 (5): 523–529. doi:10.1164/rccm.200504-531OE. PMID 15961694. 

·  ^ Grannis, FW. "History of cigarette smoking and lung cancer". smokinglungs.com. http://www.smokinglungs.com/cighist.htm. Retrieved on 2007-08-06. 

·  ^ Proctor, R (2000). The Nazi War on Cancer. PrincetonUniversity Press. pp. 173–246. ISBN 0-691-00196-0. 

·  ^ Doll, R; HillAB (November 1956). "Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking; a second report on the mortality of British doctors". British Medical Journal 2 (5001): 1071–1081. PMID 13364389. 

·  ^ US Department of Health Education and Welfare (1964) (PDF), Smoking and health: report of the advisory committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/M/Q/_/nnbbmq.pdf 

·  ^ Pirozynski, M (December 2006). "100 years of Lung Cancer". Respiratory Medicine 100 (12): 2073–2084. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.09.002. PMID 17056245. 

·  ^ Greaves, M (2000). Cancer: the Evolutionary Legacy. OxfordUniversity Press. pp. 196–197. ISBN 0-19-262835-6. 

·  ^ Horn, L; Johnson DH (July 2008). "Evarts A. Graham and the first pneumonectomy for lung cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 (19): 3268–3275. PMID 18591561. http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268. 

·  ^ Edwards, AT (1946). "Carcinoma of the bronchus". Thorax 1 (1): 1–25. 

·  ^ Kabela, M (1956). "[Experience with radical irradiation of bronchial cancer]" (in German). Ceskoslovenská Onkológia 3 (2): 109–115. PMID 13383622. 

·  ^ Lennox, SC; Flavell G, Pollock DJ et al. (November 1968). "Results of resection for oat-cell carcinoma of the lung". Lancet (Elsevier) 2 (7575): 925–927. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(68)91163-X. PMID 4176258. 

·  ^ Miller, AB; Fox W, Tall R (September 1969). "Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of the bronchus". Lancet (Elsevier) 2 (7619): 501–505. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(69)90212-8. PMID 4184834. 

·  ^ Cohen, M; Creaven PJ, Fossieck BE Jr et al. (1977). "Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma". Cancer Treatment Reports 61 (3): 349–354. PMID 194691.
·  ^ Macchiarini P, Ostertag H (February 2004). "Uncommon primary mediastinal tumours". Lancet Oncol. 5 (2): 107–18. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01385-3. PMID 14761815. 

·  ^ Davis RD, Oldham HN, SabistonDC (September 1987). "Primary cysts and neoplasms of the mediastinum: recent changes in clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, management, and results". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 44 (3): 229–37. PMID 2820323. 

·  ^ a b Cabot, Richard C (1919). Physical diagnosis (7th ed.). New York: William Wood and Company. p. 527. 

·  ^ Kuo TT (2001). "Classification of thymic epithelial neoplasms: a controversial issue coming to an end?". J. Cell. Mol. Med. 5 (4): 442–8. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00182.x. PMID 12067481. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1582-1838&date=2001&volume=5&issue=4&spage=442. 

·  ^ Rosenwald A, Wright G, Leroy K, et al (September 2003). "Molecular diagnosis of primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma identifies a clinically favorable subgroup of diffuse large B cell lymphoma related to Hodgkin lymphoma". J. Exp. Med. 198 (6): 851–62. doi:10.1084/jem.20031074. PMID 12975453. 

·  ^ Rodríguez J, Gutiérrez A, Piris M (June 2008). "Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: treatment and therapeutic targets". Leuk. Lymphoma 49 (6): 1050–61. doi:10.1080/10428190801958994. PMID 18452109. 

·  ^ Savage KJ (May 2006). "Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma". Oncologist 11 (5): 488–95. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-5-488. PMID 16720849. http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/11/5/488. Retrieved on 2009-01-14. 

·  ^ Turgeon, Mary Louise (2005). Clinical hematology: theory and procedures. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 283. ISBN 0-7817-5007-5. "Frequency of lymphoid neoplasms. (Source: Modified from WHO Blue Book on Tumour of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 2001, p. 2001.)"
^ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 266300
^ Hanson Kerry M.; Gratton Enrico; Bardeen Christopher J. (2006). "Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin". Free Radical Biology and Medicine 41 (8): 1205–12. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.011. PMID 17015167. 
^ Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E (1992). "Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?". Am J Public Health 82 (4): 614–5. doi:10.2105/AJPH.82.4.614. PMID 1546792. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/82/4/614. 
4) Millington GWM. (2006) Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors. Clin Exp Dermatol 31: 407-412.

·  ^ melanocytic nevus at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

·  ^ Howard M Reisner; Rubin, Emanuel (2008). Essentials of Rubin's Pathology (Rubin, Essential Pathology). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 513. ISBN 0-7817-7324-5. 

·  ^ mole at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

·  ^ a b c d "Moles". American Academy of Dermatology. http://www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/common_moles.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-02. 

·  ^ Kaskel P, Kind P, Sander S, Peter RU, Krähn G (October 2000). "Trauma and melanoma formation: a true association?". Br. J. Dermatol. 143 (4): 749–53. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03770.x. PMID 11069451. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0007-0963&date=2000&volume=143&issue=4&spage=749. 

·  ^ Burkhart CG (2003). "Dysplastic nevus declassified: even the NIH recommends elimination of confusing terminology". Skinmed 2 (1): 12–3. doi:10.1111/j.1540-9740.2003.01724.x. PMID 14673319. http://www.lejacq.com/articleDetail.cfm?pid=SKINmed_2;1:12. 

·  ^ a b "What You Need To Know About Melanoma - Melanoma: Who's at Risk?". National Cancer Institute. http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/melanoma/page7. Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 

·  ^ Pope DJ, Sorahan T, Marsden JR, Ball PM, Grimley RP, Peck IM (1992). "Benign pigmented nevi in children. Prevalence and associated factors: the West Midlands, United Kingdom Mole Study". Arch Dermatol 128 (9): 1201–6. doi:10.1001/archderm.128.9.1201. PMID 1519934. 

·  ^ GoldgarDE, Cannon-Albright LA, Meyer LJ, Piepkorn MW, Zone JJ, Skolnick MH (1991). "Inheritance of nevus number and size in melanoma and dysplastic nevus syndrome kindreds". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83 (23): 1726–33. doi:10.1093/jnci/83.23.1726. PMID 1770551. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1770551. 

·  ^ van Schanke A, van Venrooij GM, Jongsma MJ, et al (2006). "Induction of nevi and skin tumors in Ink4a/Arf Xpa knockout mice by neonatal, intermittent, or chronic UVB exposures". Cancer Res. 66 (5): 2608–15. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2476. PMID 16510579. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16510579. 

·  ^ Moles linked with slower ageing

·  ^ Granter SR, McKee PH, Calonje E, Mihm MC, Busam K (March 2001). "Melanoma associated with blue nevus and melanoma mimicking cellular blue nevus: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases on the spectrum of so-called 'malignant blue nevus'". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 25 (3): 316–23. PMID 11224601. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0147-5185&volume=25&issue=3&spage=316. 

·  ^ Hall J, Perry VE (1998). "Tinea nigra palmaris: differentiation from malignant melanoma or junctional nevi". Cutis 62 (1): 45–6. PMID 9675534. 

·  ^ "What You Need To Know About Melanoma - Signs and Symptoms". National Cancer Institute. http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/melanoma/page8. Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 

·  ^ http://www.skincancer.org/Healthy-Skin-Beauty/The-Ugly-Duckling-Sign-An-Early-Melanoma-Recognition-Tool.html

·  ^ Mascaro JM Jr, Mascaro JM. The dermatologist's position concerning nevi: a vision ranging from 'the ugly duckling' to 'little red riding hood'. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1484–5.

·  ^ Mascaro JM Jr, Mascaro JM. The dermatologist's position concerning nevi: a vision ranging from 'the ugly duckling' to 'little red riding hood'. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1484–5.

·  ^ http://dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermoscopy-course/introduction.html

·  ^ "Melanoma Home Page". National Cancer Institute. http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/types/melanoma. Retrieved on 2008-05-18.

·  ^ Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, et al (September 2006). "Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: clinical characteristics predicting complications and treatment". Pediatrics 118 (3): 882–7. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0413. PMID 16950977. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16950977. 

·  ^ Mulliken JB, Glowacki J (March 1982). "Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics". Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 69 (3): 412–22. PMID 7063565. 

·  ^ Kleinman ME, Greives MR, Churgin SS, et al (December 2007). "Hypoxia-induced mediators of stem/progenitor cell trafficking are increased in children with hemangioma". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27 (12): 2664–70. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.150284. PMID 17872454. http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/12/2664. 

·  ^ Barnés CM, Huang S, Kaipainen A, et al (December 2005). "Evidence by molecular profiling for a placental origin of infantile hemangioma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (52): 19097–102. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509579102. PMID 16365311. 

·  ^ North PE, Waner M, Brodsky MC (April 2002). "Are infantile hemangiomas of placental origin?". Ophthalmology 109 (4): 633–4. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01071-0. PMID 11949625. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161-6420(02)01071-0. 

·  ^ Pittman KM, Losken HW, Kleinman ME, et al (November 2006). "No evidence for maternal-fetal microchimerism in infantile hemangioma: a molecular genetic investigation". J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 (11): 2533–8. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700516. PMID 16902414. http://www.nature.com/jid/journal/v126/n11/abs/5700516a.html. 

·  ^ Oza VS, Wang E, Berenstein A, et al (April 2008). "PHACES association: a neuroradiologic review of 17 patients". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29 (4): 807–13. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0937. PMID 18223093. http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18223093. 

·  ^ Heyer GL, Dowling MM, Licht DJ, et al (February 2008). "The cerebral vasculopathy of PHACES syndrome". Stroke 39 (2): 308–16. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.485185. PMID 18174492. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18174492. 

·  ^ Wilson MW, Hoehn ME, Haik BG, Rieman M, Reiss U (May 2007). "Low-dose cyclophosphamide and interferon alfa 2a for the treatment of capillary hemangioma of the orbit". Ophthalmology 114 (5): 1007–11. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.11.031. PMID 17337066. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161-6420(06)01612-5. 

·  ^ Léauté-Labrèze C et al. (June 2008). "Propranolol for Severe Hemangiomas of Infancy". New England Journal of Medicine 358 (24):

·  ^ Freedberg, et. al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071380760.

·  ^ benign fibrous histiocytoma at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

·  ^ dermatofibroma at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

·  ^ Hanly AJ, Jordà M, Elgart GW, Badiavas E, Nassiri M, Nadji M (June 2006). "High proliferative activity excludes dermatofibroma: report of the utility of MIB-1 in the differential diagnosis of selected fibrohistiocytic tumors". Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 130 (6): 831–4. PMID 16740036. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=130&page=831.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilloma

^ a b c d Moles, Freckles, Skin Tags, Benign Lentigines, and Seborrheic Keratoses from the Cleveland Clinic website
^ Seborrheic keratosis: Symptoms, from the Mayo Clinic website
^ http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic99.htm
^ http://www.emedicine.com/derm/TOPIC407.HTM
^ http://www.dermadoctor.com/article_Seborrheic-Keratoses_91.html
^ Seborrheic keratosis: Causes, from the Mayo Clinic website
^ Hafner C, Hartmann A, Vogt T (2007). "FGFR3 mutations in epidermal nevi and seborrheic keratoses: lessons from urothelium and skin". J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 (7): 1572–3. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700772. PMID 17568799. 
^ Seborrheic, from Merriam-Webster's online medical dictionary
^ Suffix "-osis" from the Merriam-Webster website
·  ^ a b c d e f g New Zealand Dermatological Society (2007). "Squamous cell papilloma". New Zealand Dermatological Society. http://www.dermnetnz.org/lesions/squamous-papilloma.html. Retrieved on December 19 2007. 

·  ^ a b c Nikon Microscopy (2007). "Squamous Cell Papilloma". Nikon Microscopy. http://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/squamouscellpapilloma.html. Retrieved on December 19 2007. 

·  ^ a b Papilloma, Conjunctival at eMedicine

·  ^ National Library for Health (2007). "Squamous cell papilloma". National Library for Health. http://www.library.nhs.uk/skin/ViewResource.aspx?resID=197171. Retrieved on December 19 2007.

·  ^ http://health.rutgers.edu/hpv/

·  ^ Champion, R.H., et al. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. Blackwell Science. 1998. pp. 1029-1051.

·  ^ Champion, R.H., et al. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. Blackwell Science. 1998. pp. 1029-1051.

·  ^ a b Lowy DR, Schiller JT (2006). "Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines.". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (5): 1167–73. doi:10.1172/JCI28607. PMID 16670757. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/JCI28607. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 

·  ^ a b Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Castellsagué X, Díaz M, de Sanjose S, Hammouda D, Shah KV, Meijer CJ (2004-08-20). "Against which human papillomavirus types shall we vaccinate and screen? The international perspective.". Int J Cancer 111 (2): 278-85. 

·  ^ a b "FDA Approves Expanded Uses for Gardasil to Include Preventing Certain Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers". 2008-09-12. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01885.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-12. 

·  ^ a b Cortez, Michelle Fay and Pettypiece, Shannon. "Merck Cancer Shot Cuts Genital Warts, Lesions in Men". Bloomberg News. (Bloomberg.com) 13 Nov 2008.

·  ^ Syrjanen, K. HPV infections and lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2002;55:885-891.

·  ^ Gypsyamber, D, et al. Case–Control Study of Human Papillomavirus and Oropharyngeal Cancer NEJM. 356;19. May 10, 2007.

·  ^ Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary (5th edn), Anderson KN, Anderson LE, Glanze WD, eds, Mosby

·  ^ Warts at About.com

·  ^ http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050815/647.html

·  ^ http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050815/647.html

·  ^ HALASZ C. L. G., Treatment of common warts using the infrared coagulator. The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology ISSN 0148-0812. 1994, vol. 20, no4, pp. 252-256 (21 ref.)

·  ^ Horn TD, Johnson SM, Helm RM, Roberson PK (2005). "Intralesional immunotherapy of warts with mumps, Candida, and Trichophyton skin test antigens: a single-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial". Arch Dermatol 141 (5): 589–94. doi:10.1001/archderm.141.5.589. PMID 15897380. http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/589. 

·  ^ Champion, R.H., et al. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. Blackwell Science. 1998. p. 1044

·  ^ http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050815/647.html

·  ^ http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/update0303d.shtml

·  ^ http://www.podiatrytoday.com/article/2598

·  ^ a b Gibbs S, Harvey I, Sterling JC, Stark R (2003). "Local treatments for cutaneous warts". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD001781. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001781. PMID 12917913. 

·  ^ http://www.wartner-us.com/

·  ^ Focht DR, Spicer C, Fairchok MP (October 2002). "The efficacy of duct tape vs cryotherapy in the treatment of verruca vulgaris (the common wart)". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156 (10): 971–4. PMID 12361440. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12361440.  lay-summary

·  ^ de Haen M, Spigt MG, van Uden CJ, van Neer P, Feron FJ, Knottnerus A (2006). "Efficacy of duct tape vs placebo in the treatment of verruca vulgaris (warts) in primary school children". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160 (11): 1121–5. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.11.1121. PMID 17088514. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17088514. 

·  ^ Wenner R, Askari SK, Cham PM, Kedrowski DA, Liu A, Warshaw EM (2007). "Duct tape for the treatment of common warts in adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial". Arch Dermatol 143 (3): 309–13. doi:10.1001/archderm.143.3.309. PMID 17372095. http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17372095. 

·  ^ "Study: Duct tape wart cure overstated". http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-03-19-duct-tape_N.htm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen%27s_disease

·  ^ http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic206.htm

·  ^ Schwartz RA (February 2004). "Keratoacanthoma: a clinico-pathologic enigma". Dermatol Surg 30 (2 Pt 2): 326–33; discussion 333. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30080.x. PMID 14871228. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1076-0512&date=2004&volume=30&issue=2%20Pt%202&spage=326.

·  ^ Esther RJ, Lamps L, Schwartz HS (1999). "Marjolin ulcers: secondary carcinomas in chronic wounds". J South Orthop Assoc 8 (3): 181–7. PMID 12132863. 

·  ^ Simmons MA, Edwards JM, Nigam A (December 2000). "Marjolin's ulcer presenting in the neck". J Laryngol Otol 114 (12): 980–2. PMID 11177375. 

·  ^ Phillips TJ, Salman SM, Bhawan J, Rogers GS (May 1998). "Burn scar carcinoma. Diagnosis and management". Dermatol Surg 24 (5): 561–5. PMID 9598012. 

·  ^ Smidt LS, Smidt LF, Chedid MB, Bavaresco CS, Chedid MF (October 2005). "Radical surgical treatment for Marjolin ulcer occurring after chronic osteomyelitis". South. Med. J. 98 (10): 1053. PMID 16295826. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0038-4348&volume=98&issue=10&spage=1053. 

·  ^ a b Chong AJ, KleinMB (March 2005). "Images in clinical medicine. Marjolin's ulcer". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (10): e9. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm040020. PMID 15758002. 

·  ^ Paredes F (February 1998). "[Marjölin ulcer]" (in Portuguese). Acta Med Port 11 (2): 185–7. PMID 9567417.

·  ^ Dalberg K, Hellborg H, Wärnberg F (September 2008). "Paget's disease of the nipple in a population based cohort". Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 111 (2): 313–9. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9783-5. PMID 17952590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-007-9783-5. 

·  ^ Paget's Disease of the Nipple by Kenneth Blank, MD and John Han-Chih Chang, MD, at OncoLink.com. November 1, 2001

·  ^ "Paget Disease of the Nipple: Q & A - National Cancer Institute". http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/paget-breast. Retrieved on 2009-03-23. 

·  ^ Kollmorgen DR, Varanasi JS, Edge SB, Carson WE (August 1998). "Paget's disease of the breast: a 33-year experience". J. Am. Coll. Surg. 187 (2): 171–7. PMID 9704964. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1072-7515(98)00143-4.

^ Prajapati V, Barankin B (May 2008). "Dermacase. Actinic keratosis". Can Fam Physician 54 (5): 691, 699. PMID 18474700. PMC: 2377206. http://www.cfp.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18474700. 
^ a b Quaedvlieg PJ, Tirsi E, Thissen MR, KrekelsGA (2006). "Actinic keratosis: how to differentiate the good from the bad ones?". Eur J Dermatol 16 (4): 335–9. PMID 16935787. http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/medline.md?issn=1167-1122&vol=16&iss=4&page=335. 
^ actinic keratosis at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Ericson MB, Wennberg AM, Larkö O (February 2008). "Review of photodynamic therapy in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma". Ther Clin Risk Manag 4 (1): 1–9. PMID 18728698. 
^ Hadley G, Derry S, Moore RA (June 2006). "Imiquimod for actinic keratosis: systematic review and meta-analysis". J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 (6): 1251–5. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700264. PMID 16557235. 
^ "World Health Organisation assigns CUV1647 generic name" (PDF). Clinuvel. 2008. http://www.clinuvel.com/resources/pdf/asx_announcements/2008/20080617WHOGenericName.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-17. 
^ Clinuvel » Investors » FAQs
^ Australian Life Scientist - Tackling skin cancer in organ transplant patients
^ Peplin
^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=214105
^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=214105
^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=214105
^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Basal cell carcinoma
^ "Basal Cell Carcinoma - Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention". http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/199/main.html. 
^ www.bccancer.bc.ca/HPI/CE/skincancer/skincancercourses/readings/earlydiagnosisreadings/BasalCellCarcinoma.htm
^ http://dermis.multimedica.de/dermisroot/en/18520/diagnose.htm
^ www.bccancer.bc.ca/HPI/CE/skincancer/skincancercourses/readings/earlydiagnosisreadings/BasalCellCarcinoma.htm
^ www.bccancer.bc.ca/HPI/CE/skincancer/skincancercourses/readings/earlydiagnosisreadings/BasalCellCarcinoma.htm
^ www.bccancer.bc.ca/HPI/CE/skincancer/skincancercourses/readings/earlydiagnosisreadings/BasalCellCarcinoma.htm
^ Martin RC, et al. Cancer. 2000 Mar 15;88(6):1365-9. Basosquamous carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors influencing recurrence.
^ http://dermatology.cdlib.org/125/UCDcases/fibroepithelioma/su.html
^ http://www.skincancerguide.ca/basal/what_is_basal_cell_cancer.html
^ Epstein EH, Shepard JA, Flotte TJ (Jan 2008). "Case records of the Massachusetts GeneralHospital. Case 3-2008. An 80-year-old woman with cutaneous basal-cell carcinomas and cysts of the jaws". N Engl J Med 358 (4): 393–401. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc0707893. PMID 18216361. 
^ Wolf DJ, et al. Surgical margins for basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1987 Mar;123(3):340-4.
^ http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/nmsc.pdf
^ Silverman, et al. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992 Jun;18(6):471-6. Recurrence rates of treated basal cell carcinomas. Part 3: Surgical excision.
^ Scalvenzzi M et al. Dermoscopic patterns of superficial basal cell carcinoma. Int J Dermatol. 2008 Oct;47(10):1015-8.
^ Cuellar F, et al. Dermoscopy of early recurrent basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 2008 Sep;144(9):1254.
^ Maloney,ME et al. Surgical Dermatopathology. p. 110
^ ARASH KIMYAI-ASADI, et al. Margin Involvement after the Excision of Melanoma In Situ: The Need for Complete En Face Examination of the Surgical Margins. Lancet Oncol. 2008 Dec;9(12):1149-56.
^ Kimyai-Asadi A, et al. Accuracy of Serial Transverse Cross-Sections in Detecting Residual Basal Cell Carcinoma at the Surgical Margins of an Elliptical Excision Specimen. J Am Acad Dermatol. vol. 53, 469 - 474, 2005.
^ Sigurdsson, et a. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Risk of recurrence according to adequacy of surgical margins Volume 76 Issue 4, Pages 477 - 480
^ http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118489368/abstract.
^ http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/nmsc.pdf
^ http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/nmsc.pdf pages 6 and 7
^ Dhingra N. Et al. Confident complete excision of lid-margin BCCs using a marginal strip: an alternative to Mohs' surgery. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007 Jun;91(6):794-6. Epub 2007 Jan 17
^ Bentkover SH, et al. Excision of head and neck basal cell carcinoma with a rapid, cross-sectional, frozen-section technique. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2002 Apr-Jun;4(2):114-9
^ http://www.co-otolaryngology.com/pt/re/cooto/abstract.00020840-200808000-00013.htm;jsessionid=JbDTFGy1YBfZ2BkdYn5LppdsCRnwCLBph1z1KtJyWSp71tTYvLjV!1204955331!181195628!8091!-1
^ Nagore E. Et al. Positive margins in basal cell carcinoma: relationship to clinical features and recurrence risk. A retrospective study of 248 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003 Mar;17(2):167-70.
^ J. Lane, et al. Surgical Margins in the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer and Mohs Micrographic Surgery Current Surgery, Volume 62, Issue 5, Pages 518-526.
^ Maloney, ME, et al, Surgical Dermatopathology. Determining Cancer at Surgical margin. Page 113.
^ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1295550-overview
^ Staub G. Et al. Excision skin margin and recurrence rate of skin cancer: a prospective study of 844 cases. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2008 Oct;53(5):389-98. Epub 2007 Oct 24
^ http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/HPI/CancerManagementGuidelines/Skin/NonMelanoma/ManagementPolicies/start.htm
^ Griffiths RW, et al. Basal cell carcinoma histological clearance margins: an analysis of 1539 conventionally excised tumours. Wider still and deeper? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2007;60(1):41-7. Epub 2006 Sep 1.
^ Wolf DJ, et al. Surgical margins for basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1987 Mar;123(3):340-4.
^ Sigurdsson, et a. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Risk of recurrence according to adequacy of surgical margins. Volume 76 Issue 4, Pages 477 - 480.
^ Hauben DJ, Zirkin H, Mahler D, Sacks M. The biologic behavior of basal cell carcinoma: analysis of recurrence in excised basal cell carcinoma. Part II. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1965;69:110.
^ Griffiths RW, et al. Basal cell carcinoma histological clearance margins: an analysis of 1539 conventionally excised tumours. Wider still and deeper? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2007;60(1):41-7. Epub 2006 Sep 1.
^ http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/nmsc.pdf
^ Bentkover SH, et al. Excision of head and neck basal cell carcinoma with a rapid, cross-sectional, frozen-section technique. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2002 Apr-Jun;4(2):114-9
^ http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102272107.html
^ The Skin Cancer Foundation - The Skin Cancer Foundation Seal of Recommendation
^ Butler DF, Parekh PK, Lenis A. Imiquimod 5% cream as adjunctive therapy for primary, solitary, nodular nasal basal cell carcinomas before Mohs micrographic surgery: a randomized, double blind, vehicle-controlled study. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Jan;35(1):24-9. Epub 2008 Nov 19.
^ Peplin's skin cancer gel trial a success - Breaking News - Business - Breaking News
^ Peplin
^ Peng Q et al (Jan 2008) "Lasers in Medicine" Rep. Prog. Phys. 71 056701
^ http://www.webmd.com/cancer/cryosurgery-for-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer
^ Barlow, J, et al. .J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Jun;54(6):1039-45. Treatment of basal cell carcinoma with curettage alone.
^ Skin Cancer Foundation: Basal Cell Carcinoma
^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=214105
^ a b Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
^ http://www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/sun_squamous.html
^ http://www.skincarephysicians.com/skincancernet/squamous_cell_carcinoma.html
^ Cosmos Online - Skin cancer vaccine within reach (http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2327/skin-cancer-vaccine-within-reach)
^ http://www.emedicine.com/derm/TOPIC144.HTM
^ Gross, K.G., et al. Mohs Surgery, Fundamentals and Techniques. 1999, Mosby.
^ "World Health Organisation assigns CUV1647 generic name" (PDF). Clinuvel. 2008. http://www.clinuvel.com/resources/pdf/asx_announcements/2008/20080617WHOGenericName.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-17. 
^ Clinuvel » Investors » FAQs
^ PharmaAsia - Clinuvel’s Drug Begins Global Phase II Skin Cancer Trials
·  ^ Melanoma Death Rate Still Climbing

·  ^ Cancer Stat Fact Sheets

·  ^ Ries LAG, et al, eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2000. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2003: Tables XVI-1-9.

·  ^ Parkin D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. "Global cancer statistics, 2002". CA Cancer J Clin 55 (2): 74–108. PMID 15761078. Full text

·  ^ Lucas, R. Global Burden of Disease of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, Environmental Burden of Disease Series, July 25, 2006; No. 13. News release, World Health Organization

·  ^ Treatment of Skin Cancer

·  ^ Urteaga O, Pack G (1966). "On the antiquity of melanoma". Cancer 19 (5): 607–10. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(196605)19:5<607::AID-CNCR2820190502>3.0.CO;2-8. PMID 5326247. 

·  ^ Bodenham D (1968). "A study of 650 observed malignant melanomas in the South-West region". Ann R Coll Surg Engl 43 (4): 218–39. PMID 5698493. 

·  ^ Laennec RTH (1806). "Sur les melanoses". Bulletin de la Faculte de Medecine de Paris 1: 24–26. 

·  ^ Norris, W. A case of fungoid disease., Edinb. Med. Surg. 1820, 16: 562-565.

·  ^ Cooper, Samuel (1840). First lines of theory and practice of surgery. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman. 

·  ^ Who is Most at Risk for Melanoma?

·  ^ Wang S, Setlow R, Berwick M, Polsky D, Marghoob A, Kopf A, Bart R (2001). "Ultraviolet A and melanoma: a review". J Am Acad Dermatol 44 (5): 837–46. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.114594. PMID 11312434. 

·  ^ Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M.Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment.J Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan 1;94(1):25-38.PMID: 15523674

·  ^ Bhoumik A, Singha N, O'Connell MJ, Ronai ZA.Regulation of TIP60 by ATF2 modulates ATM activation.J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 20;283(25):17605-14.

·  ^ Bhoumik A, Jones N, Ronai Z.Transcriptional switch by activating transcription factor 2-derived peptide sensitizes melanoma cells to apoptosis and inhibits their tumorigenicity.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 23;101(12):4222-7.

·  ^ Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V.The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis.Bioessays. 2008 Apr;30(4):314-27.

·  ^ Huang Y, Minigh J, Miles S, Niles RM.Retinoic acid decreases ATF-2 phosphorylation and sensitizes melanoma cells to taxol-mediated growth inhibition.J Mol Signal. 2008 Feb 12;3:3.PMID: 18269766

·  ^ Oliveria S, Saraiya M, Geller A, Heneghan M, Jorgensen C (2006). "Sun exposure and risk of melanoma". Arch Dis Child 91 (2): 131–8. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.086918. PMID 16326797. 

·  ^ Lee J, Strickland D (1980). "Malignant melanoma: social status and outdoor work". Br J Cancer 41 (5): 757–63. PMID 7426301. 

·  ^ Pion IA, Rigel DS, Garfinkel L, Silverman MK, Kopf AW (January 1995). "Occupation and the risk of malignant melanoma". Cancer 75 (2 Suppl): 637–44. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19950115)75:2 (inactive 2009-04-03). PMID 7804988. 

·  ^ Khlat M, Vail A, Parkin M, Green A (1992). "Mortality from melanoma in migrants to Australia: variation by age at arrival and duration of stay". Am J Epidemiol 135 (10): 1103–13. PMID 1632422. 

·  ^ Wolf P; Donawho C K; Kripke M L (1994). "Effect of Sunscreens on UV radiation-induced enhancements of melanoma in mice". J. Nat. Cancer. Inst. 86: 99–105. doi:10.1093/jnci/86.2.99. PMID 8271307. 

·  ^ Bliss J, Ford D, Swerdlow A, Armstrong B, Cristofolini M, Elwood J, Green A, Holly E, Mack T, MacKie R (1995). "Risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with pigmentation characteristics and freckling: systematic overview of 10 case-control studies. The International Melanoma Analysis Group (IMAGE)". Int J Cancer 62 (4): 367–76. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910620402. PMID 7635560. 

·  ^ Miller A, Mihm M (2006). "Melanoma". N Engl J Med 355 (1): 51–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052166. PMID 16822996. 

·  ^ Rhodes A, Weinstock M, Fitzpatrick T, Mihm M, Sober A (1987). "Risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. A practical method of recognizing predisposed individuals". JAMA 258 (21): 3146–54. doi:10.1001/jama.258.21.3146. PMID 3312689. 

·  ^ Berwick M, Wiggins C (2006). "The current epidemiology of cutaneous malignant melanoma". Front Biosci 11: 1244–54. doi:10.2741/1877. PMID 16368510. 

·  ^ Davies H.; Bignell G. R.; Cox C.; (June 2002). "Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer". Nature 417: 949–954. doi:10.1038/nature00766. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v417/n6892/full/nature00766.html. 

·  ^ Greene MH. (1998). "The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi". Cancer 86 (11): 2464–2477. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19991201)86:11 (inactive 2009-04-03). PMID 10630172. 

·  ^ Halachmi S, Gilchrest BA. (2001). "Update on genetic events in the pathogenesis of melanoma". Curr Opin Oncol 13 (2): 129–136. doi:10.1097/00001622-200103000-00008. PMID 11224711. 

·  ^ CDKN2A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (melanoma, p16, inhibits CDK4) from Entrez Gene

·  ^ http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/1078-0432.CCR-08-2678v1

·  ^ http://www.melanomafoundation.org/prevention/abcd.htm

·  ^ Friedman R, Rigel D, Kopf A (1985). "Early detection of malignant melanoma: the role of physician examination and self-examination of the skin". CA Cancer J Clin 35 (3): 130–51. doi:10.3322/canjclin.35.3.130. PMID 3921200. 

·  ^ http://www.aad.org/public/exams/abcde.html

·  ^ http://www.skincancer.org/Healthy-Skin-Beauty/The-Ugly-Duckling-Sign-An-Early-Melanoma-Recognition-Tool.html

·  ^ Mascaro JM Jr, Mascaro JM. The dermatologist's position concerning nevi: a vision ranging from 'the ugly duckling' to 'little red riding hood'. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1484–5.

·  ^ Mascaro JM Jr, Mascaro JM. The dermatologist's position concerning nevi: a vision ranging from 'the ugly duckling' to 'little red riding hood'. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1484–5.

·  ^ a b http://dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermoscopy-course/introduction.html

·  ^ Autier P (2005). "Cutaneous malignant melanoma: facts about sunbeds and sunscreen". Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 5 (5): 821–33. doi:10.1586/14737140.5.5.821. PMID 16221052. 

·  ^ Can Melanoma Be Prevented?

·  ^ Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E (1992). "Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?". Am J Public Health 82 (4): 614–5. doi:10.2105/AJPH.82.4.614. PMID 1546792. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/82/4/614. 

·  ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-117775410.html

·  ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PDG/is_3_3/ai_n6056512

·  ^ Exposure to sunlamps, tanning beds, and melanoma risk Journal Cancer Causes and Control. Springer, Netherlands. ISSN 0957-5243 (Issue Volume 19, Number 7 / September, 2008. pp.659-669.

·  ^ http://www.dermatoscopes.com/

·  ^ Swanson N, Lee K, Gorman A, Lee H (2002). "Biopsy techniques. Diagnosis of melanoma". Dermatol Clin 20 (4): 677–80. doi:10.1016/S0733-8635(02)00025-6. PMID 12380054. 

·  ^ Homsi J, Kashani-Sabet M, Messina J, Daud A (2005). "Cutaneous melanoma: prognostic factors". Cancer Control 12 (4): 223–9. PMID 16258493. Full text (PDF)

·  ^ a b Balch C, Buzaid A, Soong S, Atkins M, Cascinelli N, Coit D, Fleming I, Gershenwald J, Houghton A, Kirkwood J, McMasters K, Mihm M, Morton D, Reintgen D, Ross M, Sober A, Thompson J, Thompson J (2001). "Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma". J Clin Oncol 19 (16): 3635–48. PMID 11504745. Full text

·  ^ Malignant melanoma: staging at Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology

·  ^ http://www.labpath.com/new7.html

·  ^ www.moffitt.org/moffittapps/ccj/v15n3/pdf/216.pdf

·  ^ Balch C, Urist M, Karakousis C, Smith T, Temple W, Drzewiecki K, Jewell W, Bartolucci A, Mihm M, Barnhill R (1993). "Efficacy of 2-cm surgical margins for intermediate-thickness melanomas (1 to 4 mm). Results of a multi-institutional randomized surgical trial". Ann Surg 218 (3): 262–7; discussion 267–9. doi:10.1097/00000658-199309000-00005. PMID 8373269. 

·  ^ Mikhail, G. Mohs Micrographic Surgery. 1991, Saunders, pp. 13–14

·  ^ Bene, NI, et al. Mohs micrographic surgery is accurate 95.1% of the time for melanoma in situ: a prospective study of 167 cases Dermatol Surg. 2008 May;34(5):660-4.Cure rate as high as 98% for small melanoma in situ, and as high as 95% noted for lentigo maligna variant of melanona in situ has been reported with Mohs surgery.

·  ^ Kirkwood J, Strawderman M, Ernstoff M, Smith T, Borden E, Blum R (1996). "Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684". J Clin Oncol 14 (1): 7–17. PMID 8558223. 

·  ^ Kirkwood J, Ibrahim J, Sondak V, Richards J, Flaherty L, Ernstoff M, Smith T, Rao U, Steele M, Blum R (2000). "High- and low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma: first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190". J Clin Oncol 18 (12): 2444–58. PMID 10856105. 

·  ^ Kirkwood J, Ibrahim J, Sondak V, Ernstoff M, Ross M (2002). "Interferon alfa-2a for melanoma metastases". Lancet 359 (9310): 978–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08001-7. PMID 11918944. 

·  ^ Weight RM, Viator JA, Dale PS, Caldwell CW, Lisle AE. (2006). "Photoacoustic detection of metastatic melanoma cells in the human circulatory system". Opt Lett. 31 (20): 2998–3000. doi:10.1364/OL.31.002998. PMID 17001379. 

·  ^ Bajetta E, Del Vecchio M, Bernard-Marty C, Vitali M, Buzzoni R, Rixe O, Nova P, Aglione S, Taillibert S, Khayat D (2002). "Metastatic melanoma: chemotherapy". Semin Oncol 29 (5): 427–45. doi:10.1053/sonc.2002.35238. PMID 12407508. 

·  ^ Buzaid A (2004). "Management of metastatic cutaneous melanoma". Oncology (Williston Park) 18 (11): 1443–50; discussion 1457–9. PMID 15609471. 

·  ^ Danson S, Lorigan P (2005). "Improving outcomes in advanced malignant melanoma: update on systemic therapy". Drugs 65 (6): 733–43. doi:10.2165/00003495-200565060-00002. PMID 15819587. 

·  ^ Mikhail, G. Mohs Micrographic Surgery. 1991, Saunders, pp. 13–14

·  ^ Bene, NI, et al. Mohs micrographic surgery is accurate 95.1% of the time for melanoma in situ: a prospective study of 167 cases Dermatol Surg. 2008 May;34(5):660-4.

·  ^ Usefulness of the Staged Excision for Lentigo Maligna and Lentigo Maligna Melanoma: The 'Square' Procedure" (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:758-63)

·  ^ Bastiaannet E, Beukema J, Hoekstra H (2005). "Radiation therapy following lymph node dissection in melanoma patients: treatment, outcome and complications". Cancer Treat Rev 31 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2004.09.005. PMID 15707701. 

·  ^ Sotomayor M, Yu H, Antonia S, Sotomayor E, Pardoll D. "Advances in gene therapy for malignant melanoma". Cancer Control 9 (1): 39–48. PMID 11907465. Full text (PDF)

·  ^ Press release from the NIH

^ "What You Need To Know About Melanoma - Nutrition". National Cancer Institute. http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/melanoma/page28. Retrieved on 2008-05-18.

·  ^ synd/98 at Who Named It?

·  ^ Alibert JLM (1806) (in French). Descriptions des maladies de la peau observées a l’Hôpital Saint-Louis, et exposition des meilleures méthodes suivies pour leur traitement. Paris: Barrois l’ainé. p. 286. http://infohawk.uiowa.edu/F?func=direct&doc_number=000636854&l_base=uiowa.

·  ^ Kaposi, M (1872). "Idiopathisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut". Arch. Dermatol. Syph. 4: 265–273. doi:10.1007/BF01830024. 

·  ^ Phillips AM, Jones AG, Osmond DH, Pollack LM, Catania JA, Martin JN (July 2008). "Awareness of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Among Men Who Have Sex With Men". Sex Transm Dis. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318182c91f (inactive 2008-09-09). PMID 18665016. 

·  ^ Iscovich, J (Oct 22 1998). "Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Jews living in Israel, 1961-1989: a population-based incidence study". AIDS 12 (15): 2067–72. doi:10.1097/00002030-199815000-00019. http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/abstract.00002030-199815000-00019.htm;jsessionid=Gy0NY0Y2b5lXKwJTGkQv1C1SdhTymxKmhpM4Hkrdvvz3pyXQ9GPV!-1804036389!-949856145!8091!-1. 

·  ^ Fenig, E (October 1998). "Classic Kaposi sarcoma: experience at Rabin Medical Center in Israel". Am J Clin Oncol 21 (5): 498–500. doi:10.1097/00000421-199810000-00016. http://www.amjclinicaloncology.com/pt/re/ajco/abstract.00000421-199810000-00016.htm;jsessionid=Gy0Jys29KWqzWg4RWhQN9vCyvP3tMPn24WG35BQbdLHGlhJc1y7S!-1804036389!-949856145!8091!-1. 

·  ^ Cook-Mozaffari, P (December 1998). "The geographical distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma and of lymphomas in Africa before the AIDS epidemic". Br J Cancer 78 (11): 1521–8. PMID 9836488. 

·  ^ Olsen, SJ (October 1998). "Increasing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus seroprevalence with age in a highly Kaposi's sarcoma endemic region, Zambia in 1985" (PDF). AIDS 12 (14): 1921–5. doi:10.1097/00002030-199814000-00024. http://dceg.cancer.gov/pdfs/olsen1219211998.pdf. 

·  ^ Qunibi, W (Feb 27 1998). "Serologic association of human herpesvirus eight with posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma in Saudi Arabia". Transplantation 65 (4): 583–5. doi:10.1097/00007890-199802270-00024. http://www.transplantjournal.com/pt/re/transplantation/abstract.00007890-199802270-00024.htm;jsessionid=Gy4Gq82dl1t9ppllm80G1PDjkbpmqFFkp2ypLSLnW2DthLg22DcM!220059229!-949856144!8091!-1. 

·  ^ Luppi, Mario (Nov 9 2000). "Bone marrow failure associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection after transplantation". N Engl J Med 343 (19): 1378–85. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011093431905. PMID 11070102. 

·  ^ Beral V, Peterman TA, Berkelman RL, Jaffe HW (January 1990). "Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection?". Lancet 335 (8682): 123–8. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90001-L. PMID 1967430. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-6736(90)90001-L. 

·  ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0721629210.

·  ^ Dezube, BJ (October 1996). "Clinical presentation and natural history of AIDS--related Kaposi's sarcoma". Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 10 (5): 1023–9. doi:10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70382-8. PMID 8880194. 

·  ^ Nichols, CM (November 1993). "Treating Kaposi's lesions in the HIV-infected patient". J Am Dent Assoc 124 (11): 78–84. PMID 8227776. http://jada.ada.org/cgi/content/abstract/124/11/78. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. 

·  ^ Danzig, JB (June 1991). "Gastrointestinal malignancy in patients with AIDS". Am J Gastroenterol 86 (6): 715–8. PMID 2038993. 

·  ^ Garay, SM (January 1987). "Pulmonary manifestations of Kaposi's sarcoma". Chest 91 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1378/chest.91.1.39. PMID 3792084. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/91/1/39. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. 

·  ^ Russell, Sabin (2007-10-11). "Unsettling re-emergence of 'gay cancer'". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/10/11/MNEESOFRG.DTL. Retrieved on 2007-10-12. 

·  ^ Phillips AM, Jones AG, Osmond DH, Pollack LM, Catania JA, Martin JN (July 2008). "Awareness of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Among Men Who Have Sex With Men". Sex Transm Dis. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318182c91f (inactive 2008-09-09). PMID 18665016.

^ a b c d e f g h i j k Parker, Robert; Catherine Thomas, Lesley Bennett (2007). Emergencies in Respiratory Medicine. Oxford. pp. 96–7. ISBN 978-0-19-920244-7. 
^ Longmore, Murray; Ian Wilkinson, Tom Turmezei, Chee Kay Cheung (2007). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine. Oxford. p. 162. ISBN 0-19-856837-1. 
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Superior Vena Cava Syndrome at eMedicine
Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC, Yahalom J (May 2007). "Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes". N Engl J Med. 356 (18): 1862–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp067190. PMID 17476012.
Loblaw DA, Perry J, Chambers A, LaperriereNJ (March 2005). "Systematic review of the diagnosis and management of malignant extradural spinal cord compression: the Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative's Neuro-Oncology Disease Site Group". J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (9): 2028–37. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.00.067. PMID 15774794.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemia

·  ^ Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB, et al (April 2005). "Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (15): 1550–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043901. PMID 15829535. 

·  ^ "Statement of the Second International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference 2007" (PDF). http://www.overhydration.org/downloads/EAH_Statement_2008.pdf. 

·  ^ Siegel AJ, Verbalis JG, Clement S, et al (May 2007). "Hyponatremia in marathon runners due to inappropriate arginine vasopressin secretion". Am. J. Med. 120 (5): 461.e11–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.10.027. PMID 17466660. 

·  ^ Weisberg LS (March 1989). "Pseudohyponatremia: a reappraisal". Am. J. Med. 86 (3): 315–8. PMID 2645773. 

·  ^ Nguyen MK, Ornekian V, Butch AW, Kurtz I (May 2007). "A new method for determining plasma water content: application in pseudohyponatremia". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 292 (5): F1652–6. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00493.2006. PMID 17299138. 

·  ^ Wolff K, Tsapakis EM, WinstockAR, et al (May 2006). "Vasopressin and oxytocin secretion in response to the consumption of ecstasy in a clubbing population". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) 20 (3): 400–10. doi:10.1177/0269881106061514. PMID 16574714. 

·  ^ Woman left brain damaged by detox, BBC News, 2008-07-23

·  ^ "A Fraternity Hazing Gone Wrong : NPR". http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5012154. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 

·  ^ "Fallen Officer's Zeal Will Roll On". http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/11/AR2005081101924_pf.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 

·  ^ "Hyponatremia ("Water Intoxication")". The DEA.org. http://thedea.org/hyponatremia.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-10. 

·  ^ [1]

·  ^ "Father's tribute to marathon son". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6587093.stm. Retrieved on 2008-11-05.